Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and associated age- and sex-adjusted risks for progression to permanent atrial fibrillation
| Variables | Overall | Cox age and sex adjusted P-value | Hazard ratio (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Entire study population (n = 3248) | |||
| Age, years | 71 ± 15 | <0.0001 | 1.034 (1.027–1.041) |
| Male, n (%) | 1745 (54) | 0.3489 | 1.087 (0.913–1.293) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27±6 | 0.0268 | 1.005 (1.001–1.009) |
| Normal BMI, n (%) | 1233 (38) | 0.0030 | 0.756 (0.629–0.909) |
| Overweight, n (%) | 1211 (37) | 0.2245 | 0.898 (0.755–1.068) |
| Obesity, n (%) | 521 (16) | 0.0051 | 1.337 (1.091–1.639) |
| Severe obesity, n (%) | 283 (9) | 0.0004 | 1.608 (1.236–2.093) |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 138 ± 21 | 0.0002 | 1.016 (1.007–1.024) |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 77 ± 11 | <0.0001 | 1.042 (1.028–1.057) |
| History of CHF, n (%) | 866 (27) | <0.0001 | 1.568 (1.286–1.911) |
| History of hypertension, n (%) | 2577 (79) | 0.0026 | 1.439 (1.136–1.824) |
| History of valvular heart disease, n (%) | 598 (18) | <0.0001 | 1.590 (1.296–1.951) |
| Current or past smoker, n (%) | 1907 (59) | 0.0174 | 1.250 (1.040–1.503) |
| Chronic pulmonary disease, n (%) | 713 (22) | 0.0463 | 1.231 (1.003–1.511) |
| Angina/any CAD/prior MI, n (%) | 1377 (42) | 0.6919 | 0.965 (0.812–1.149) |
| History of coronary revascularization, n (%) | 491 (15) | 0.5109 | 0.924 (0.730–1.169) |
| Peripheral vascular disease, n (%) | 434 (13) | 0.6712 | 1.060 (0.810–1.388) |
| History of diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 621 (19) | 0.1660 | 1.172 (0.936–1.468) |
| History of dyslipidaemia, n (%) | 1349 (42) | 0.3197 | 1.090 (0.920–1.293) |
| Regular alcohol use, n (%) | 389 (12) | 0.3330 | 1.135 (0.878–1.468) |
| Renal disease, n (%) | 591 (18) | 0.1549 | 1.193 (0.935–1.522) |
| History of obstructive sleep apnoea, n (%) | 73 (2) | 0.1598 | 1.512 (0.849–2.693) |
| History of malignant disease, n (%) | 910 (28) | 0.5451 | 0.938 (0.763–1.154) |
| Antiarrhythmic use (Class I and Class III) | 61 (2) | 0.1738 | 1.514 (0.833–2.751) |
| Betablocker/calcium channel blocker use | 923 (28) | 0.1413 | 1.149 (0.955–1.381) |
| Echo subgroup (n = 744) | |||
| Age, years | 69 ± 15 | <0.0001 | 1.049 (1.033–1.066) |
| Male, n (%) | 411 (55) | 0.0167 | 1.549 (1.083–2.217) |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 136 ± 19 | 0.0944 | 1.008 (0.999–1.017) |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 76 ± 11 | 0.0147 | 1.020 (1.004–1.037) |
| History of hypertension, n (%) | 585 (79) | 0.0256 | 1.840 (1.077–3.143) |
| History of valvular heart disease, n (%) | 216 (29) | 0.0361 | 1.48 (1.026–2.137) |
| History of obstructive sleep aponea, n (%) | 28 (4) | 0.0123 | 2.568 (1.228–5.373) |
| Current or past smoker, n (%) | 431 (58) | 0.0278 | 1.512 (1.046–2.185) |
| Chronic pulmonary disease, n (%) | 139 (19) | 0.0403 | 1.534 (1.019–2.309) |
| Left atrial diameter, mm | 45 ± 8 | <0.0001 | 1.056 (1.031–1.08) |
| Left atrial volume, mL/m2 | 36 ± 11 | <0.0001 | 1.001 (1.000–1.002) |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction | 55 ± 14 | 0.9529 | 1.000 (0.987–1.012) |
| Angina/any CAD/prior MI, n (%) | 270 (36) | 0.5242 | 0.888 (0.615–1.281) |
| History of coronary revascularization, n (%) | 137 (18) | 0.5379 | 0.865 (0.545–1.373) |
| History of CHF, n (%) | 182 (24) | 0.4189 | 1.190 (0.780–1.816) |
| Peripheral vascular disease, n (%) | 92 (12) | 0.2837 | 0.721 (0.397–1.311) |
| History of diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 137 (18) | 0.5157 | 0.845 (0.507–1.406) |
| History of dyslipidaemia, n (%) | 403 (54) | 0.2679 | 1.216 (0.861–1.717) |
| Regular alcohol use, n (%) | 85 (11) | 0.3745 | 1.276 (0.745–2.184) |
| Renal disease, n (%) | 126 (17) | 0.3520 | 1.252 (0.780–2.010) |
| History of malignant disease, n (%) | 204 (27) | 0.3820 | 1.183 (0.812–1.725) |
| Antiarrhythmic use (Class I and Class III) | 9 (1) | 0.9402 | 1.078 (0.150–7.744) |
| Beta-blocker/calcium channel blocker use | 229 (31) | 0.3364 | 1.196 (0.831–1.721) |