Table 6.

Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of hallucinogen use disorders among past-year hallucinogen users aged 12–17 years (N = 1,585)

Adjusted categorical multinomial logistic regression model¹: AOR (95% CI)	Dependence vs. use only	Abuse vs. use only	Subthreshold dependence vs. use only	Dependence vs. abuse	Dependence vs. subthreshold dependence	Abuse vs. subthreshold dependence
Gender (vs. male)
Female	1.4 (0.86–2.41)	1.0 (0.62–1.57)	1.8 (1.08–2.89)	1.5 (0.80–2.65)	0.8 (0.45–1.49)	0.5 (0.28–1.05)

Age group, y (vs. 16–17)
12–13	1.7 (0.38–7.62)	2.3 (0.91–5.78)	3.4 (1.64–7.09)	0.8 (0.18–3.02)	0.5 (0.14–2.07)	0.7 (0.27–1.75)
14–15	1.6 (0.81–2.99)	1.0 (0.61–1.65)	0.8 (0.45–1.36)	1.6 (0.73–3.31)	2.1 (0.95–4.68)	1.4 (0.64–2.85)

Race/ethnicity (vs. white)
African American	1.3 (0.34–5.24)	0.7 (0.21–2.59)	0.4 (0.14–1.25)	1.8 (0.34–9.36)	3.6 (0.68–18.67)	2.0 (0.41–10.06)
American Indian/Alaska native	2.1 (0.63–6.94)	6.5 (1.18–36.15)	2.3 (0.63–8.04)	0.3 (0.06–1.74)	0.9 (0.16–5.15)	3.0 (0.57–15.90)
Asian/Pac. Islander/nat. Hawaiian	0.3 (0.02–3.52)	0.5 (0.08–2.81)	2.4 (0.34–16.98)	0.5 (0.10–2.07)	0.1 (0.01–1.68)	0.2 (0.03–1.19)
Multi-racial	0.1 (0.03–0.43)	1.2 (0.28–5.04)	0.3 (0.10–1.15)	0.1 (0.02–0.43)	0.3 (0.06–2.04)	4.4 (1.09–17.81)
Hispanic	2.1 (0.78–5.44)	1.2 (0.51–2.92)	1.0 (0.46–2.05)	1.7 (0.56–4.88)	2.1 (0.61–7.01)	1.2 (0.42–3.63)

Days of hallucinogen use (vs. 1–11)
12–51	2.3 (1.02–5.08)	1.1 (0.56–1.98)	1.6 (1.04–2.46)	2.2 (0.85–5.62)	1.5 (0.57–3.67)	0.7 (0.34–1.39)
52 or more days	5.5 (2.37–12.75)	2.7 (1.41–5.22)	2.4 (1.66–6.92)	2.1 (0.89–4.86)	1.8 (0.64–4.80)	0.8 (0.35–1.92)

MDMA use (vs. other hallucinogen use)
Yes	3.0 (1.59–5.68)	1.7 (0.97–3.09)	1.4 (0.88–2.07)	1.8 (0.82–3.78)	2.2 (1.05–4.77)	1.3 (0.65–2.51)

Number of types of hallucinogens used (vs. one)
2	2.2 (0.95–5.17)	1.6 (0.85–3.12)	1.2 (0.70–2.08)	1.3 (0.55–3.20)	1.7 (0.66–4.29)	1.3 (0.60–2.77)
3 or more types	2.7 (1.13–6.38)	1.4 (0.66–2.82)	2.4 (1.37–4.35)	1.9 (0.74–4.67)	1.1 (0.39–2.99)	0.6 (0.25–1.32)

Using mental health services (vs. no)
Yes	2.6 (1.23–5.36)	1.6 (0.99–2.50)	0.9 (0.58–1.40)	1.6 (0.74–3.29)	2.9 (1.34–6.06)	1.7 (1.00–3.00)

Alcohol use disorder (vs. no)
Yes	2.4 (1.25–4.51)	2.3 (1.40–3.99)	1.8 (1.21–2.77)	1.0 (0.46–2.18)	1.3 (0.61–2.54)	1.3 (0.65–2.41)

Marijuana use disorder (vs. no)
Yes	1.9 (0.93–4.05)	1.9 (1.13–3.11)	1.2 (0.77–1.84)	1.0 (0.43–2.51)	1.6 (0.72–3.56)	1.6 (0.92–2.81)

Cocaine use disorder (vs. no)
Yes	2.3 (1.01–5.39)	1.4 (0.55–3.35)	1.2 (0.54–2.59)	1.8 (0.62–4.96)	2.0 (0.79–5.05)	1.2 (0.42–2.98)

Opioid use disorder (vs. no)
Yes	1.9 (0.86–4.19)	3.4 (1.80–6.51)	0.6 (0.28–1.43)	0.6 (0.22–1.40)	2.6 (1.01–6.90)	4.9 (1.99–12.12)

The adjusted model controlled for the survey year and included variables listed in the first column. Family income, student status, arrests for criminal activities, selling illicit drugs, major depression, tobacco dependence, and age of onset of hallucinogen use were tested but were not significant and were not included in the adjusted model.

Boldface: p < 0.05.