Table 4.
Predictors in Middle Childhood Discriminating Between Different Offence Groups
| Group comparisons (odds ratio (90%CI)) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Serious persisters (n = 95) % | Moderate persisters (n = 117) % | Desisters (n = 63) % | Serious persisters vs moderate persisters | Serious persisters vs desisters | Moderate persisters vs desisters | |
| Childhood offence characteristics | ||||||
| High offending frequency | 42.1 | 20.5 | 22.2 | 2.9(1.6–5.1)*** | 2.3(1.1–4.5)** | |
| Low offending frequency | 27.4 | 36.8 | 41.3 | 1.9(1.1–3.3)* | ||
| Diversity in offending | 63.2 | 46.2 | 39.7 | 2.0(1.3–3.2)** | 2.6(1.5–4.5)*** | |
| Participant psychopathology disruptive | ||||||
| Low ADHD | 11.1 | 12.6 | 21.3 | 2.4(1.1–5.2)* | ||
| Other disruptive problems | ||||||
| Physical aggression | 42.1 | 35.0 | 25.4 | 2.1(1.2–3.8)** | ||
| High psychopathic features | 42.1 | 33.3 | 27.0 | 2.1(1.1–3.9)** | ||
| Truancy | 45.3 | 32.5 | 19.0 | 1.7(1.1–2.7)* | 3.5(1.9–6.6)*** | 2.0(1.1–3.8)* |
| Running away | 18.9 | 8.5 | 6.3 | 2.5(1.3–5.0)** | 3.4(1.3–8.9)** | |
| Serious injuries | 19.8 | 20.7 | 4.9 | 4.8(1.6–13.8)** | 5.1(1.8–14.3)** | |
| Depression and anxiety | ||||||
| High depressed mood | 33.7 | 28.2 | 19.0 | 2.0(1.1–3.9)* | ||
| Participant competence | ||||||
| Negative attitude to delinquency | 16.8 | 23.9 | 30.2 | 2.2(1.1–4.4)** | ||
| Perception of low likelihood of getting caught | 21.1 | 31.9 | 35.0 | 0.53(0.30–0.92)* | 0.46(0.24–0.89)* | |
| Physical development | ||||||
| Two prenatal problems | 29.3 | 40.0 | 43.3 | 0.50(0.26–0.98)* | ||
| Two perinatal problems | 28.0 | 15.5 | 23.3 | |||
| No perinatal problems | 39.0 | 57.3 | 35.0 | 1.8(1.0–3.3)* | 0.53(0.28–1.0)* | |
| Peer behavior | ||||||
| High peer delinquency | 40.0 | 29.1 | 17.5 | 2.7(1.4–5.3)** | ||
| Gets along poorly with siblings | 28.1 | 20.0 | 25.9 | 1.8(1.0–3.3)* | ||
| Gets along well with siblings | 27.0 | 21.9 | 33.3 | 2.2(1.1–4.2)* | ||
| Poor relationship with peers | 38.9 | 27.4 | 27.0 | 1.8(1.1–2.9)* | ||
| Good relationship with peers | 13.7 | 14.5 | 27.0 | 2.3(1.2–4.6)** | ||
| Family functioning | ||||||
| High boy Involvement | 18.9 | 20.5 | 36.5 | 2.7(1.4–5.2)** | 2.4(1.3–4.4)** | |
| Low physical punishment | 26.3 | 23.1 | 14.3 | 0.47(0.23–0.98)* | 0.48(0.23–0.98)* | |
| Poor supervision | 25.3 | 36.8 | 28.6 | 0.48(0.28–0.81)** | ||
| Good supervision | 15.8 | 22.2 | 20.6 | 2.0 (1.2–3.4)* | ||
| Parent | ||||||
| High parental stress | 35.8 | 23.1 | 15.9 | 2.0(1.2–3.4)** | 2.5(1.2–5.1)** | |
| Low parental stress | 15.8 | 14.5 | 30.2 | 2.4(1.3–4.6)** | ||
| Demographics | ||||||
| Poor housing quality | 26.6 | 38.8 | 19.0 | 0.59(0.34–0.97)* | 2.0(1.0–3.9)* | |
| Good housing quality | 18.1 | 14.7 | 34.9 | 2.3(1.2–4.5)** | 2.4(1.3–4.6)** | |
| Both biological parents at home | 19.1 | 24.8 | 33.3 | 1.9(1.1–3.8)* | ||
| > 2 children at home | 35.8 | 28.2 | 19.0 | 2.1(1.0–4.1)* | ||
| Few children at home | 9.5 | 13.7 | 19.0 | 2.2(1.1–4.9)* | ||
| Young mother | 34.9 | 31.5 | 18.3 | 2.2(1.1–4.6)* | ||
| Welfare | 72.3 | 61.7 | 48.4 | 2.8(1.6–4.9)*** | 1.7(1.0–2.9)* | |
| Number of related characteristics | 12 | 23 | 11 | |||
Due to rounding error, some of the CI include 1.0 at the extreme of the interval.
The following factors did not discriminate between any of the offence groups: Serious offending, Any substance use, High ADHD, High ODD, Low ODD, Low Psychopathic features, Less depressed mood, Highly shy/withdrawn, Less shy/withdrawn, Highly anxious, Less anxious, Positive attitude to delinquency, Negative attitude to substance use, Positive attitude to substance use, High likelihood of getting caught, Approving problem behavior, Disapproving problem behavior, No prenatal problems, Mother smoking during pregnancy, Mother drinking during pregnancy, Low peer delinquency, Low boy involvement, Low persistence of discipline, High persistence of discipline, High physical punishment, Low positive parenting, High positive parenting, Behavioral problems father, Biological parent police contact, Caretaker antisocial attitude, Caretaker prosocial attitude, Low academic achievement, High academic achievement, Negative attitude to school, Positive attitude to school, Repeated grade, Negative neighborhood impression, Positive neighborhood impression, Small house size, Large house size, Race black, Age mother at first birth > 22, Low family SES, and High family SES
* p < 0.1, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01