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Macrophage functions. Macrophages express scavenger receptors (SRs), TLRs, and other receptors for pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Engagement of these receptors results in release of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, TNF-α, and MIF, as well as anti-inflammatory IL-10 and TGF-β. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) promotes angiogenesis.
