Table 2. Cognitive Deficit Scores and Performance during Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Study Participants at Baseline and 1 Year (Mean ± Standard Error).

Characteristics	SN Control (n = 32)		HIV Patients (n = 31)		p
	Baseline	1 Year	Baseline	1 Year	HIV Status Effect	Time Effect	HIV Status × Time
Age, yr	46.9 ± 2.3	48.0 ± 2.3	49.6 ± 1.5	50.6 ± 1.5	0.34	<0.0001	0.81
Education, yr	15.5 ± 0.44	15.5 ± 0.4	15.5 ± 0.4	15.7 ± 0.4	0.84	0.07	0.18
CES-D	6.0 ± 1.1	6.6 ± 1.0	9.0 ± 1.7	9.6 ±1.2	0.03	0.61	0.99
Cognitive Domains
Visual memory	0.29 ± 0.14	0.80 ± 0.17	0.22 ± 0.17	0.82 ± 0.15	0.89	<0.0001	0.70
Verbal memory	0.59 ± 0.13	0.59 ± 0.17	0.13 ± 0.11	0.13 ± 0.16	0.01	0.98	0.95
Attention	−0.05 ± 0.12	0.43 ± 0.15	0.10 ± 0.10	0.47 ± 0.08	0.55	<0.0001	0.32
Working memory	0.11 ± 0.13	0.11 ± 0.12	−0.19 ± 0.15	−0.13 ± 0.14	0.14	0.62	0.59
Verbal fluency	0.31 ± 0.10	0.61 ± 0.11	0.18 ± 0.12	0.56 ± 0.11	0.52	<0.0001	0.54
Motor	0.02 ± 0.10	0.42 ± 0.14	−0.08 ± 0.10	0.33 ± 0.09	0.53	<0.0001	0.97
Global deficit score	0.21 ± 0.08	0.50 ± 0.11	0.06 ± 0.07	0.36 ± 0.08	0.23	<0.0001	0.82
Task Performance during fMRI
Tracking two balls
Accuracy, %	95.1 ± 8.5	95.7 ± 9.9	96.4 ± 8.2	95.9 ± 6.5	0.66	0.97	0.71
Reaction times, milliseconds	850 ± 377	826 ± 362	807 ± 306	762 ± 370	0.41	0.60	0.87
Tracking three balls
Accuracy, %	92.5 ± 9.1	94.1 ± 8.4	93.3 ± 9.4	95.2 ± 6.2	0.57	0.19	0.95
Reaction times, milliseconds	867 ± 290	740 ± 297	803 ± 287	757 ± 331	0.64	0.14	0.48
Tracking four balls
Accuracy, %	93.9 ± 8.5	91.9 ± 10.7	93.5 ± 8.9	90.9 ± 11.4	0.74	0.14	0.87
Reaction times, milliseconds	872 ± 233	870 ± 406	830 ± 356	822 ±364	0.49	0.97	0.96

SN = seronegative; HIV = human immunodeficiency virus; CES-D = Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; fMRI = functional magnetic resonance imaging.