Figure 6.

Signal change in the RCZ in response to negative feedback depended on whether a trial with negative feedback was preceded by another trial with negative feedback (NEG + 1) or not (NEG + 0). A, B, The contrast NEG + 1 versus NEG + 0 showed increased activity in the RCZ in both the HP (A) and LP (B) conditions at p < 0.005. C, This effect was more pronounced in the HP than in the LP condition at p < 0.005. Time courses of hemodynamic activity were extracted from a 3 mm sphere centered on the peak coordinate of the contrast shown in A at MNI x = −6, y = 39, z = 29. D, Base-to-peak amplitudes were calculated as the difference from baseline (mean from −4 s to event onset) to peak (mean from the time points 4–8 seconds after event onset). *p < 0.05, one-tailed. The amplitudes for NEG + 2 trials could only be calculated for the LP condition, because many subjects in the HP condition hardly ever encountered three consecutive negative feedback trials. The color bar indicates z-scores.