Table 4.
Age- and SES-adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for being overweight by eating patterns, stratified by region, country, and gender
| Eating fruit daily | Eating vegetables daily | Eating breakfast daily | Not consuming soft drinks daily | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Region | Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls |
| Country | OR† (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) |
| Non-European countries | ||||||||
| Canada | 0.80 (0.66–0.98) | 1.06 (0.83–1.36) | 85.00 (0.69–1.04) | 0.94 (0.75–1.18) | 0.66 (0.54–0.81) | 0.85 (0.68–1.07) | 0.81 (0.64–1.03) | 0.72 (0.52–0.98) |
| Israel¥ | 1.05 (0.84–1.31) | 0.98 (0.75–1.28) | 1.22 (0.97–1.54) | 1.15 (0.87–1.51) | 0.74 (0.57–0.96) | 0.95 (0.71–1.27) | 1.04 (0.79–1.37) | 1.23 (0.91–1.65) |
| US | 0.96 (0.80–1.14) | 1.04 (0.81–1.33) | 0.99 (0.86–1.13) | 1.10 (0.85–1.42) | 0.70 (0.58–0.85) | 0.59 (0.52–0.66) | 1.01 (0.81–1.26) | 0.98 (0.59–1.63) |
| Central-European countries | ||||||||
| Austria | 0.83 (0.62–1.09) | 1.22 (0.89–1.69) | 0.93 (0.64–1.34) | 0.98 (0.66–1.46) | 0.63 (0.49–0.80) | 0.75 (0.54–1.04) | 0.92 (0.70–1.21) | 0.91 (0.60–1.39) |
| Belgium, Fl | 1.01 (0.75–1.35) | 1.30 (0.89–1.89) | 0.79 (0.59–1.06) | 0.72 (0.52–1.00) | 0.70 (0.51–0.96) | 0.63 (0.44–0.90) | 1.30 (0.94–1.79) | 1.72 (1.22–2.43) |
| Belgium, W¥ | 0.97 (0.71–1.33) | 1.14 (0.80–1.63) | 1.12 (0.85–1.48) | 1.01 (0.72–1.41) | 0.61 (0.46–0.80) | 0.64 (0.45–0.90) | 1.36 (0.97–1.92) | 0.97 (0.67–1.43) |
| France | 0.97 (0.76–1.24) | 1.04 (0.81–1.34) | 0.96 (0.78–1.20) | 1.02 (0.80–1.30) | 0.74 (0.59–0.94) | 0.88 (0.67–1.16) | 1.62 (1.25–2.10) | 1.19 (0.87–1.62) |
| Germany | 0.86 (0.70–1.06) | 0.97 (0.76–1.25) | 0.92 (0.70–1.20) | 0.98 (0.75–1.27) | 0.74 (0.60–0.93) | 0.90 (0.70–1.15) | 1.16 (0.91–1.47) | 1.22 (0.87–1.71) |
| Luxemburg | 1.09 (0.84–1.41) | 0.87 (0.65–1.16) | 0.90 (0.67–1.22) | 0.67 (0.49–0.94) | 0.65 (0.49–0.87) | 0.55 (0.43–0.72) | 1.13 (0.83–1.53) | 1.90 (1.23–2.93) |
| Netherlands | 1.26 (0.90–1.76) | 1.30 (0.92–1.85) | 0.73 (0.52–1.02) | 0.78 (0.55–1.11) | 0.48 (0.32–0.72) | 0.43 (0.31–0.59) | 1.04 (0.72–1.51) | 0.89 (0.64–1.24) |
| Switzerland | 0.98 (0.74–1.30) | 0.99 (0.68–1.44) | 0.94 (0.70–1.26) | 0.85 (0.56–1.27) | 0.66 (0.49–0.88) | 0.78 (0.54–1.12) | 0.91 (0.67–1.24) | 1.77 (1.08–2.91) |
| Southern-European countries | ||||||||
| Croatia | 1.11 (0.89–1.39) | 0.82 (0.63–1.07) | 1.15 (0.89–1.47) | 1.34 (1.04–1.72) | 0.72 (0.58–0.89) | 0.77 (0.60–0.99) | 1.25 (1.00–1.56) | 1.19 (0.89–1.59) |
| Greece | 1.01 (0.78–1.30) | 0.96 (0.70–1.33) | 1.10 (0.87–1.40) | 1.15 (0.85–1.56) | 0.81 (0.64–1.02) | 0.79 (0.59–1.08) | 1.08 (0.81–1.45) | 1.19 (0.77–1.86) |
| Italy | 1.00 (0.80–1.26) | 1.01 (0.74–1.36) | 1.05 (0.81–1.37) | 0.67 (0.47–0.96) | 0.59 (0.47–0.75) | 0.64 (0.48–0.85) | 1.32 (1.02–1.70) | 1.07 (0.74–1.56) |
| Macedonia | 0.90 (0.74–1.10) | 0.89 (0.68–1.16) | 0.96 (0.77–1.20) | 1.14 (0.85–1.53) | 0.92 (0.74–1.14) | 0.73 (0.58–0.93) | 1.20 (0.97–1.47) | 1.18 (0.86–1.62) |
| Malta¥# | 0.89 (0.57–1.38) | 1.14 (0.78–1.67) | 1.45 (0.72–2.94 | 0.76 (0.45–1.29) | 0.57 (0.37–0.88) | 0.71 (0.49–1.04) | 1.32 (0.87–2.02) | 1.13 (0.76–1.67) |
| Portugal | 1.15 (0.88–1.49) | 0.87 (0.67–1.13) | 1.36 (1.04–1.78) | 0.79 0.59–1.06 | 0.63 (0.46–0.88) | 0.74 (0.53–1.02) | 1.05 (0.81–1.35) | 1.31 (0.95–1.80) |
| Slovenia | 0.87 (0.70–1.08) | 0.93 (0.70–1.23) | 1.06 (0.83–1.37) | 1.00 (0.75–1.34) | 0.63 (0.50–0.79) | 0.67 (0.51–0.88) | 0.97 (0.77–1.21) | 1.17 (0.83–1.65) |
| Spain | 1.02 (0.85–1.22) | 1.12 (0.92–1.38) | 1.21 (0.98–1.51) | 1.28 (1.04–1.57) | 0.56 (0.47–0.68) | 0.77 (0.62–0.96) | 1.14 (1.93–1.40) | 1.25 (0.97–1.60) |
| Turkey | 1.30 (1.02–1.67) | 1.11 (0.75–1.64) | 0.74 (0.55–1.00) | 0.84 (0.56–1.26) | 0.71 (0.55–0.92) | 0.57 (0.40–0.82) | 1.10 (0.86–1.40) | 2.96 (1.45–6.03) |
| Eastern-European countries | ||||||||
| Bulgaria | 0.93 (0.73–1.19) | 0.79 (0.56–1.11) | 0.94 (0.75–1.18) | 1.03 (0.74–1.44) | 0.60 (0.48–0.76) | 0.65 (0.45–0.94) | 1.10 (0.89–1.36) | 1.35 (0.97–1.87) |
| Czech Rep. | 0.99 (0.77–1.26) | 1.34 (1.06–1.70) | 1.10 (0.84–1.44) | 1.28 (0.99–1.66) | 0.59 (0.48–0.73) | 0.76 (0.59–0.99) | 1.54 (1.20–1.96) | 1.82 (1.33–2.51) |
| Hungary | 1.11 (0.89–1.39) | 0.82 (0.63–1.07) | 1.15 (0.89–1.47) | 1.34 (1.04–1.72) | 0.72 (0.58–0.89) | 0.77 (0.59–0.99) | 1.25 (1.00–1.56) | 1.19 (0.89–1.59) |
| Poland | 1.06 (0.83–1.37) | 1.21 (0.90–1.62) | 0.97 (0.74–1.26) | 1.33 (0.97–1.83) | 0.59 (0.47–0.75) | 0.84 (0.62–1.13) | 1.00 (0.78–1.28) | 0.79 (0.58–1.09) |
| Romania | 1.00 (0.75–1.32) | 1.08 (0.75–1.54) | 1.27 (0.96–1.67) | 1.29 (0.94–1.78) | 0.79 (0.60–1.03) | 0.71 (0.52–0.98) | 0.99 (0.75–1.30) | 0.94 (0.63–1.39) |
| Russia | 0.92 (0.71–1.19) | 0.97 (0.71–1.31) | 0.80 (0.63–1.03) | 0.82 (0.61–1.12) | 0.69 (0.55–0.85) | 0.66 (0.50–0.87) | 1.22 (0.96–1.55) | 1.43 (1.00–2.06) |
| Slovakia# | 0.90 (0.64–1.28) | 0.73 (0.47–1.13) | 1.03 (0.71–1.49) | 1.45 (0.95–2.20) | 0.88 (0.65–1.19) | 0.87 (0.59–1.29) | 0.96 (0.70–1.32) | 1.43 (0.93–2.21) |
| Ukraine | 1.22 (0.90–1.66) | 0.97 (0.66–1.43) | 0.73 (0.55–0.98) | 1.10 (0.78–1.54) | 0.70 (0.51–0.96) | 0.63 (0.46–0.87) | 0.88 (0.65–1.18) | 0.84 (0.59–1.20) |
| Northern-European countries | ||||||||
| Denmark | 0.95 (0.70–1.29) | 1.06 (0.77–1.45) | 1.00 (0.74–1.36) | 0.80 (0.59–1.08) | 0.64 (0.49–0.83) | 0.58 (0.41–0.81) | 1.38 (0.88–2.18) | 1.16 (0.63–2.12) |
| England¥ | 1.24 (0.83–1.86) | 1.03 (0.68–1.56) | 1.54 (1.02–2.32) | 1.41 (0.94–2.13) | 0.67 (0.43–1.02) | 0.86 (0.54–1.37) | 0.80 (0.50–1.28) | 0.83 (0.45–1.50) |
| Estonia | 1.08 (0.83–1.40) | 0.84 (0.55–1.27) | 1.24 (0.90–1.71) | 0.88 (0.58–1.32) | 0.81 (0.61–0.07) | 0.66 (0.46–0.96) | 1.11 (0.71–1.73) | 1.65 (0.62–4.37) |
| Finland | 0.96 (0.73–1.26) | 0.96 (0.74–1.25) | 0.85 (0.66–1.11) | 1.00 (0.76–1.31) | 0.79 (0.63–0.99) | 0.71 (0.56–0.91) | 1.17 (0.77–1.78) | 1.12 (0.58–2.16) |
| Greenland¥ | 1.01 (0.78–1.30) | 0.96 (0.70–1.33) | 1.10 (0.87–1.40) | 1.15 (0.85–1.56) | 0.81 (0.64–1.02) | 0.79 (0.59–1.08) | 1.08 (0.81–1.45) | 1.19 (0.78–1.86) |
| Iceland | 1.04 (0.85–1.27) | 1.04 (0.85–1.28) | 0.92 (0.75–1.14) | 0.78 (0.62–0.97) | 0.77 (0.64–0.92) | 0.98 (0.77–1.24) | 0.97 (0.76–1.22) | 0.71 (0.51–0.98) |
| Ireland¥ | 0.68 (0.44–1.04) | 1.09 (0.66–1.80) | 0.85 (0.57–1.26) | 1.30 (0.81–2.09) | 0.66 (0.43–1.02) | 0.78 (0.46–1.32) | 1.13 (0.73–1.75) | 0.76 (0.42–1.39) |
| Latvia | 0.97 (0.62–1.52) | 1.83 (1.20–2.78) | 0.77 (0.51–1.18) | 1.48 (0.95–2.30) | 0.60 (0.43–0.83) | 0.71 (0.47–1.08) | 0.76 (0.49–1.19) | 1.16 (0.60–2.25) |
| Lithuania¥ | 1.15 (0.80–1.66) | 1.90 (1.21–2.99) | 0.84 (0.58–1.23) | 0.83 (0.51–1.34) | 0.62 (0.45–0.86) | 0.66 (0.44–0.98) | 0.92 (0.62–1.36) | 1.29 (0.64–2.61) |
| Norway¥ | 1.09 (0.83–1.45) | 1.16 (0.82–1.64) | 0.86 (0.63–1.19) | 1.00 (0.71–1.42) | 0.82 (0.59–1.12) | 0.75 (0.51–1.09) | 0.78 (0.52–1.17) | 1.17 (0.66–2.06) |
| Scotland¥ | 0.91 (0.67–1.25) | 1.03 (0.74–1.43) | 0.89 (0.66–1.21) | 0.92 (0.66–1.30) | 0.49 (0.35–0.68) | 0.94 (0.66–1.34) | 0.96 (0.67–1.39) | 1.13 (0.77–1.66) |
| Sweden | 0.85 (0.59–1.21) | 1.10 (0.80–1.52) | 0.98 (0.76–1.26) | 0.80 (0.55–1.16) | 0.58 (0.43–0.78) | 1.04 (0.73–1.50) | 1.33 (0.83–2.14) | 0.91 (0.43–1.94) |
| Wales¥ | 1.09 (0.84–1.43) | 0.88 (0.68–1.16) | 1.10 (0.81–1.48) | 0.95 (0.71–1.29) | 0.73 (0.54–0.99) | 0.75 (0.56–1.00) | 1.01 (0.76–1.33) | 1.12 (0.82–1.53) |
¥
≤ 80% children reported data on age, height, or weight to allow for estimation of body mass index and characterizing overweight status
†
Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI); OR in bold are significant (P<0.05)
#
School variable was not available as a consequence the clustering in schools was not taken into account for these countries