Appendix.

Information for species and leaf characteristics for 122 species collected from different European sites

Species1	Family	Sampling site	Climate12	Life form	Evergreen12	Has petioles12	Compound-leaved12	Leaf shape	Venation	Margin	Lamina dissection
Acanthus spinosus L.10	Acanthaceae	58°22′N, 26°43′E	M	Herb	N	Y	N	Ovate/lanceolate	Pinnate	Serrate	Pinnatisect
Acer campestre L.10	Aceraceae	40°27′N, 3°42′W	M	Tree	N	Y	N	Cordate	Palmate	Smooth	Palmatifid
Acer platanoides L.10	Aceraceae	58°22′N, 26°43′E	CT	Tree	N	Y	N	Ovate/orbicular	Palmate	Smooth	Palmatifid
Acer pseudoplatanus L.10	Aceraceae	36°43′N, 4°25′W	M	Tree	N	Y	N	Oval/orbicular	Palmate	Smooth	Palmatifid
Aegopodium podagraria L.	Apiaceae	58°18′N, 26°42′E	CT	Herb	N	N	Y	Ovate	Pinnate	Serrate	Entire
Angelica sylvestris L.	Apiaceae	58°22′N, 26°43′E	CT	Herb	N	N	Y	Ovate	Pinnate	Serrate	Entire
Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm.	Apiaceae	58°18′N, 26°42′E	CT	Herb	N	N	Y	Ovate	Pinnate	Serrate	Entire
Anthurium hookeri Kunth.10	Araceae	58°22′N, 26°43′E2,3	T	Herb	Y	Y	N	Obovate	Pinnate	Smooth	Entire
Anthurium hybridum Hort. ex Engl.10	Araceae	58°22′N, 26°43′E2,3	T	Herb	Y	Y	N	Cordate	Pinnate	Smooth	Entire
Arbutus unedo L.10	Ericaceae	40°27′N, 3°42′W	M	Shrub/tree	Y	Y	N	Obovate	Pinnate	Serrate	Entire
Arctium tomentosum Mill.	Compositae	58°22′N, 26°43′E	CT	Herb	N	Y	N	Cordate	Pinnate	Serrate	Entire
Armoracia rusticana (Lam.) Gaertn., Mey. et Scherb.	Brassicaceae	58°22′N, 26°43′E	CT	Herb	N	Y	N	Elliptic	Pinnate	Serrate	Entire
Arundo donax L.10	Poaceae	36°43′N, 4°25′W4	T	Grass	Y	N	N	Linear/ensifrom	Parallel	Smooth	Entire
Asarum europaeum L.	Aristolochiaceae	58°18′N, 26°42′E	CT	Herb	Y	Y	N	Reniform	Parallel/pinnate	Smooth	Entire
Aspidistra elatior L.10	Liliaceae	40°25′N, 3°40′W4	T	Herb	Y	Y	N	Elliptic/linear	Parallel	Smooth	Entire
Aster sp.10	Compositae	36°43′N, 4°25′W	M	Herb	N	Y	N	Ovate	Pinnate	Smooth	Entire
Avena sterilis L.10	Poaceae	36°43′N, 4°25′W	M	Grass	N	N	N	Linear/ensifrom	Parallel	Smooth	Entire
Bougainvillea glabra Choisy10	Nyctaginaceae	36°43′N, 4°25′W3	T	Shrub/vine	Y	Y	N	Ovate	Pinnate	Smooth	Entire
Brugmansia arborea (L.) Lagerh.10	Solanaceae	58°22′N, 26°43′E2,3	T	Tree	N	Y	N	Cordate	Pinnate	Smooth	Entire
Canna × generalis Bailey (pro sp.)10	Cannaceae	36°43′N, 4°25′W3	T	Herb	Y	N	N	Elliptic/linear	Parallel	Smooth	Entire
Carduncellus caeruleus (L.) C. Presl.10	Compositae	36°43′N, 4°25′W	M	Herb	N	N	N	Ovate	Parallel/pinnate	Serrate	Entire
Ceanothus thyrsiflorus Eschsch.10	Rhamnaceae	36°43′N, 4°25′W5	M	Shrub	Y	Y	N	Oval/obovate	Parallel/pinnate	Smooth	Entire
Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb.10	Celastraceae	36°43′N, 4°25′W4	M	Woody vine	N	Y	N	Orbicular	Pinnate	Serrate	Entire
Celtis australis L.10	Ulmaceae	36°43′N, 4°25′W	M	Tree	N	Y	N	Ovate	Pinnate	Serrate	Entire
Cercis siliquastrum L.10	Fabaceae	40°27′N, 3°42′W	M	Shrub/tree	N	Y	N	Orbicular	Pinnate	Smooth	Entire
Chrysanthemum sp.10	Compositae	36°43′N, 4°25′W4	M	Herb	N	N	N	Ovate	Pinnate	Serrate	Pinnatisect
Cirsium oleraceum (L.) Scop.	Compositae	58°18′N, 26°42′E	CT	Herb	N	Y	N	Ovate	Pinnate	Serrate	Pinnatisect
Cistus ladanifer L.10	Cistaceae	40°27′N, 3°42′W	M	Shrub	Y	N	N	Elliptic/linear	Pinnate	Smooth	Entire
Convallaria majalis L.	Liliaceae	58°18′N, 26°42′E	CT	Herb	N	Y	N	Elliptic	Parallel	Smooth	Entire
Convolvulus arvensis L.10	Convolvulaceae	36°43′N, 4°25′W	M	Herbaceous vine	N	Y	N	Cordate	Pinnate	Smooth	Entire
Corylus avellana L.	Corylaceae	58°18′N, 26°42′E	CT	Shrub	N	Y	N	Oval/obovate	Pinnate	Serrate	Entire
Corynocarpus laevigata J.R. Forst. & G. Forst10	Corynocarpaceae	40°25′N, 3°40′W8	M	Shrub/tree	Y	Y	N	Obovate	Pinnate	Smooth	Entire
Crepis paludosa (L.) Moench	Compositae	58°18′N, 26°42′E	CT	Herb	N	N	N	Obovate	Pinnate	Serrate	Entire
Cucurbita pepo L.	Cucurbitaceae	58°22′N, 26°43′E3	T	Herb	N	Y	N	Orbicular	Palmate	Smooth
Cyphomandra betacea (Cav.) Sendtn.10	Solanaceae	58°22′N, 26°43′E2,3	M	Shrub/tree	Y	Y	N	Ovate	Pinnate	Smooth	Entire
Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burkhill.10	Dioscoreaceae	58°22′N, 26°43′E2,3	T	Herb	Y	Y	N	Cordate	Parallel	Smooth	Entire
Dittrichia viscosa (L.) W. Greuter10	Compositae	36°43′N, 4°25′W	M	Herb	Y	N	N	Ovate/lanceolate	Pinnate	Smooth	Entire
Echinops sphaerocephalus L.	Compositae	58°22′N, 26°43′E7	M	Herb	N	Y	N	Ovate	Pinnate	Serrate	Pinnatisect
Elaeagnus angustifolia L.10	Elaeagnaceae	36°43′N, 4°25′W	M	Shrub	Y	Y	N	Ovate	Pinnate	Smooth	Entire
Epilobium montanum L.	Onagraceae	58°18′N, 26°42′E	CT	Herb	N	N	N	Ovate	Pinnate	Smooth	Entire
Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.10	Rosaceae	40°27′N, 3°42′W4	M	Tree	Y	Y	N	Elliptic	Pinnate	Smooth	Entire
Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.10	Myrtaceae	40°27′N, 3°42′W9	M	Tree	Y	Y	N	Falcate/lanceolate	Pinnate	Smooth	Entire
Fagopyrum esculentum Moench10	Polygonaceae	36°43′N, 4°25′W	M	Herb	N	Y	N	Cordate	Pinnate	Smooth	Entire
Fragaria vesca L.	Rosaceae	58°18′N, 26°42′E	CT	Herb	N	N	Y	Oval	Pinnate	Serrate	Entire
Fraxinus excelsior L.	Oleaceae	58°18′N, 26°42′E	CT	Tree	N	N	Y	Elliptic	Pinnate	Serrate	Entire
Geranium molle L.10	Geraniaceae	36°43′N, 4°25′W	M	Herb	N	Y	N	Orbicular	Palmate	Serrate/crenate	Entire
Geranium palustre L.	Geraniaceae	58°18′N, 26°42′E	CT	Herb	N	Y	N	Ovate	Palmate	Serrate	Palmisect
Hedera helix L.10	Araliaceae	58°22′N, 26°43′E	M	Woody vine	Y	Y	N	Elliptic/lobate	Palmate	Smooth	Palmatifid
Hedychium coccineum Buch.-Ham.10	Zingiberaceae	40°25′N, 3°40′W4	T	Herb	Y	Y	N	Elliptic/ovate	Parallel	Smooth	Entire
Hedychium gardnerianum Shepard ex. Ker. Kawl.10	Zingiberaceae	40°25′N, 3°40′W4	T	Herb	Y	N	N	Ovate/elliptic	Parallel	Smooth	Entire
Helianthus annuus L.	Compositae	58°22′N, 26°43′E5	M	Herb	N	Y	N	Cordate	Palmate	Smooth	Entire
Hepatica nobilis Gars.	Ranunculaceae	58°18′N, 26°42′E	CT	Herb	Y	Y	Y	Orbicular	Palmate	Smooth	Palmisect
Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden.	Apiaceae	58°22′N, 26°43′E7	CT	Herb	N	Y	N	Orbicular/ovate	Palmate	Serrate	Pinnatisect
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.10	Malvaceae	36°43′N, 4°25′W4	T	Shrub	Y	Y	N	Ovate	Pinnate	Serrate	Entire
Hippophae rhamnoides L.10	Elaeagnaceae	36°43′N, 4°25′W4	M	Shrub/tree	N	N	N	Linear	Pinnate	Smooth	Entire
Lactuca serriola L.10	Compositae	36°43′N, 4°25′W	M	Herb	N	N	N	Obovate/oblong	Pinnate	Serrate	Pinnatifid
Lamium galeobdolon (L.) L.	Labiatae	58°18′N, 26°42′E	CT	Herb	N	Y	N	Ovate	Pinnate	Serrate	Entire
Leontodon taraxacoides (Vill.) Merat10	Compositae	36°43′N, 4°25′W	M	Herb	N	Y	N	Obovate/oblanceolate	Pinnate	Serrate	Pinnatifid
Ligularia wilsoniana (Hemsl.) Greenm.	Compositae	58°22′N, 26°43′E4	CT	Herb	N	Y	N	Cordate	Pinnate	Serrate	Entire
Lonicera xylosteum L.	Caprifoliaceae	58°18′N, 26°42′E	CT	Shrub	N	Y	N	Ovate	Pinnate	Smooth	Entire
Magnolia kobus DC.10	Magnoliaceae	58°22′N, 26°43′E2,4	M	Shrub/tree	N	Y	N	Obovate	Pinnate	Smooth	Entire
Maianthemum bifolium (L.) Schmidt	Liliaceae	58°18′N, 26°42′E	CT	Herb	N	Y	N	Cordate	Parallel	Smooth	Entire
Malva parviflora L.10	Malvaceae	36°43′N, 4°25′W	M	Herb	N	Y	N	Orbicular	Palmate	Serrate	Palmatifid
Melampyrum nemorosum L.10	Scrophulariaceae	58°18′N, 26°42′E	CT	Herb	N	N	N	Ovate/lanceolate	Pinnate	Smooth	Entire
Monstera deliciosa Liebm.10	Araceae	58°22′N, 26°43′E2,4	T	Woody vine	Y	Y	N	Ovate/orbicular	Pinnate	Smooth	Pinnatisect
Musa basjoo Sieb. et Zucc.10	Musaceae	40°25′N, 3°40′W4	T	Herb	Y	N	N	Ovate/lanceolate	Pinnate	Smooth	Entire
Musa × paradisiaca L.10	Musaceae	58°22′N, 26°43′E2,4	T	Herb	Y	Y	N	Ovate/lanceolate	Pinnate	Smooth	Entire
Myrtus communis L.10	Myrtaceae	36°20′N, 5°30′W	M	Shrub	Y	Y	N	Elliptic	Pinnate	Smooth	Entire
Nerium oleander L.10	Apocynaceae	36°43′N, 4°25′W	M	Shrub/tree	Y	Y	N	Elliptic/linear	Pinnate	Smooth	Entire
Olea europaea L.10	Oleaceae	40°27′N, 3°42′W	M	Tree	Y	Y	N	Elliptic	Pinnate	Smooth	Entire
Oxalis acetosella L.	Oxalidaceae	58°18′N, 26°42′E	CT	Herb	Y/N	N	Y	Obovate/reniform	Parallel	Smooth	Entire
Padus avium Mill.	Rosaceae	58°18′N, 26°42′E	CT	Tree	N	Y	N	Elliptic	Pinnate	Serrate	Entire
Paris quadrifola L.	Liliaceae	58°18′N, 26°42′E	CT	Herb	N	N	Y	Elliptic	Parallel	Smooth	Entire
Passiflora coriacea Juss.10	Passifloraceae	58°22′N, 26°43′E2,3	T	Woody vine	Y	Y	N	Reniform	Pinnate	Smooth	Entire
Pelargonium sp.10	Geraniaceae	40°25′N, 3°40′W6	T	Herb	N	Y	N	Orbicular/ovate	Palmate	Serrate	Entire
Pelargonium × hybridum (L.) Aiton10	Geraniaceae	36°43′N, 4°25′W6	T	Herb	N	Y	N	Orbicular	Palmate	Serrate	Palmatifid
Phalaris minor Retz.10	Poaceae	36°43′N, 4°25′W	M	Grass	N	N	N	Linear/ensifrom	Parallel	Smooth	Entire
Phlomis purpurea L.10	Labiatae	36°43′N, 4°25′W	M	Shrub	Y	Y	N	Ovate/lanceolate	Pinnate	Smooth	Entire
Phragmites communis Trin.10	Poaceae	58°22′N, 26°43′E	CT	Grass	N	N	N	Linear/ensifrom	Parallel	Smooth	Entire
Picris echioides L.10	Compositae	36°43′N, 4°25′W	M	Herb	N	N	N	Ovate/oblanceolate	Pinnate	Serrate	Entire
Pisonia silvatica Standl.10	Nyctaginaceae	40°25′N, 3°40′W3	T	Tree	Y	Y	N	Elliptic	Pinnate	Smooth	Entire
Pittosporum tobira (Thunb.) Ait.10	Pittosporaceae	40°27′N, 3°42′W4	M	Shrub	Y	Y	N	Obovate	Pinnate	Smooth	Entire
Plantago lagopus L.10	Plantaginaceae	36°43′N, 4°25′W	M	Herb	N	Y	N	Elliptic/ovate/linear	Parallel	Smooth	Entire
Platanus hybrida Brot.10	Platanaceae	36°43′N, 4°25′W4,5	M	Tree	N	Y	N	Cordate	Palmate	Smooth	Palmatifid
Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All.	Liliaceae	58°18′N, 26°42′E	CT	Herb	N	N	N	Oval	Parallel	Smooth	Entire
Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc.	Polygonaceae	58°22′N, 26°43′E4	CT	Herb	N	Y	N	Ovate	Pinnate	Smooth	Entire
Populus alba L.10	Salicaceae	36°43′N, 4°25′W	M	Tree	N	Y	N	Oval/obovate	Pinnate	Serrate	Pinnatifid
Populus tremula L.	Salicaceae	58°18′N, 26°42′E	CT	Tree	N	Y	N	Orbicular	Pinnate	Serrate	Entire
Prunella vulgaris L.	Labiatae	58°18′N, 26°42′E	CT	Herb	N	Y	N	Ovate	Pinnate	Smooth	Entire
Prunus laurocerasus L.10	Rosaceae	40°27′N, 3°42′W	M	Shrub	Y	Y	N	Obovate	Pinnate	Serrate	Entire
Psoralea bituminosa L.10	Fabaceae	36°43′N, 4°25′W	M	Herb	N	Y	Y	Ovate	Pinnate	Smooth	Entire
Quercus canariensis Willd.10	Fagaceae	36°20′N, 5°30′W	M	Tree	N	Y	N	Obovate (lyrate)	Pinnate	Smooth	Pinnatifid
Quercus robur L.10	Fagaceae	58°22′N, 26°43′E	CT	Tree	N	Y	N	Obovate (lyrate)	Pinnate	Smooth	Pinnatifid
Quercus suber L.10	Fagaceae	36°20′N, 5°30′W	M	Tree	Y	Y	N	Elliptic/ovate	Pinnate	Smooth	Entire
Ranunculus cassubicus L.	Ranunculaceae	58°18′N, 26°42′E	CT	Herb	N	Y	N	Reniform	Palmate	Serrate	Entire
Rheum raphonticum L.	Polygonaceae	58°22′N, 26°43′E4	CT	Herb	N	Y	N	Cordate	Pinnate	Crenate	Entire
Rheum rhabarbarum L.10	Polygonaceae	58°22′N, 26°43′E7	CT	Herb	N	Y	N	Cordate	Palmate	Crenate	Entire
Ribes alpinum L.	Grossulariaceae	58°18′N, 26°42′E	CT	Shrub	N	Y	N	Ovate	Palmate	Serrate	Palmisect
Ribes nigrum L.	Grossulariaceae	58°18′N, 26°42′E	CT	Shrub	N	Y	N	Ovate	Palmate	Serrate	Palmisect
Ribes rubrum L.10	Grossulariaceae	36°43′N, 4°25′W	M	Shrub	N	Y	N	Ovate	Palmate	Serrate	Palmitifid
Ricinus communis L.10	Euphorbiaceae	36°43′N, 4°25′W4	T	Shrub	N	Y	N	Orbicular	Palmate	Serrate	Palmatisect
Rubus idaeus L.	Rosaceae	58°18′N, 26°42′E	CT	Shrub	N	N	Y	Ovate	Pinnate	Serrate	Entire
Rubus saxatilis L.	Rosaceae	58°18′N, 26°42′E	CT	Herb	N	N	Y	Ovate	Pinnate	Serrate	Entire
Rumex crispus L.	Polygonaceae	58°22′N, 26°43′E	CT	Herb	N	Y	N	Elliptic	Pinnate	Crenate	Entire
Sanchezia nobilis Hook.10	Acanthaceae	58°22′N, 26°43′E2,3	T	Shrub	Y	Y	N	Elliptic	Pinnate	Smooth	Entire
Scorpiurus sulcatus L.10	Fabaceae	36°43′N, 4°25′W	M	Herb	N	N	N	Obovate/oblanceolate	Parallel	Smooth	Entire
Scutellaria costaricana H. Wendl.10	Labiatae	36°43′N, 4°25′W3	T	Herb	N	Y	N	Ovate	Parallel	Serrate	Entire
Solanum nigrum L.10	Solanaceae	36°43′N, 4°25′W	M	Herb	N	Y	N	Ovate	Pinnate	Smooth	Entire
Sorbus aucuparia L.	Rosaceae	58°18′N, 26°42′E	CT	Tree	N	N	Y	Elliptic	Pinnate	Serrate	Entire
Stellaria holostea L.	Caryophyllaceae	58°18′N, 26°42′E	CT	Herb	N	N	N	Ovate/lanceolate	Pinnate	Smooth	Entire
Strelitzia reginae Banks.10	Strelitziaceae	40°25′N, 3°40′W6	T	Herb	Y	Y	N	Ovate/lanceolate	Pinnate	Smooth	Entire
Syringa vulgaris L.10	Oleaceae	40°27′N, 3°42′W	M	Shrub	N	Y	N	Cordate	Pinnate	Smooth	Entire
Taraxacum officinale G. H. Weber ex Wiggers10	Compositae	58°22′N, 26°43′E	CT	Herb	N	Y	N	Obovate/oblanceolate	Pinnate	Serrate	Pinnatisect
Tradescantia fluminensis Matuda10	Commelinaceae	58°22′N, 26°43′E2,3	T	Herb	Y	N	N	Ovate	Parallel	Smooth	Entire
Triticum aestivum L.10	Poaceae	36°43′N, 4°25′W	M	Grass	N	N	N	Linear/ensifrom	Parallel	Smooth	Entire
Tussilago farfara L.	Compositae	58°18′N, 26°42′E	CT	Herb	N	Y	N	Cordate	Palmate	Serrate	Entire
Ulmus glabra L.10	Ulmaceae	58°22′N, 26°43′E	CT	Tree	N	N	N	Ovate	Pinnate	Serrate	Entire
Verbascum nigrum L.	Scrophulariaceae	58°18′N, 26°42′E	CT	Herb	N	Y	N	Ovate	Pinnate	Serrate	Entire
Veronica chamaedrys L.	Scrophulariaceae	58°18′N, 26°42′E	CT	Herb	N	Y	N	Ovate	Pinnate	Serrate	Entire
Viburnum davidii Franch.10	Caprifoliaceae	40°27′N, 3°42′W4	M	Shrub	Y	Y	N	Elliptic/oval	Pinnate	Smooth	Entire
Vinca difformis L.10	Apocynaceae	40°27′N, 3°42′W	M	Herb	Y	Y	N	Ovate	Pinnate	Smooth	Entire
Vitis vinifera L.10	Vitaceae	36°43′N, 4°25′W	M	Woody vine	N	Y	N	Oval/orbicular	Palmate	Serrate	Palmitifid

¹ Species nomenclature follows the latest version of the W₃TROPICOS database (Missouri Botanical Garden, 2005) and Flora Europea (Tutin, 1964–1980).

² Sampled from greenhouse-grown plants.

³ Non-native species of South American origin.

⁴ Non-native species of Asian origin.

⁵ Non-native species of North-American origin.

⁶ Non-native species of South African origin.

⁷ Non-native species of European origin.

⁸ Non-native species of New Zealand origin.

⁹ Non-native species of Australian origin.

¹⁰ In this species, lamina and mid-rib were dissected into 1–5-cm strips to investigate the distribution of lamina mass.

¹¹ CT, cool temperate; M, Mediterranean or warm temperate; T, subtropical or tropical.

¹² Logical field (Yes/No).