Table 1.

Baseline socioeconomic demographic and healthcare utilisation features of LUMINA patients according to type of disease onset

	Acute onset lupus
Variable	Yes (n = 94)	No (n = 537)	p Value
Age, mean (SD)	32.1 (12.1)	37.4 (12.6)	<0.001
Female gender, %	92.6	88.9	0.311
Ethnicity, %			<0.001
Hispanic (Texas)	35.1	15.8
Hispanic (Puerto Rico)	5.3	18.2
African–American	42.6	36.0
Caucasian	17.0	30.0
Marital status, married, %	41.3	49.8	0.136
Education, years, mean (SD)	11.8 (3.1)	13.2 (3.0)	<0.001
Poverty*, %	37.2	32.6	0.403
Health insurance, %	60.9	83.2	<0.001
Yearly outpatient visits, weighted average (SD)	2.7 (3.6)	2.6 (3.2)	0.404
Total hospitalisations, mean (SD)	0.9 (1.2)	0.5 (0.8)	0.003
Exercising, %	38.5	41.4	0.603
Smoking, %	12.0	14.0	0.596
Drinking, %	6.5	10.6	0.228
Using recreational drugs, %	3.3	1.1	0.113

^*As per US Federal government guidelines.

LUMINA, lupus in minorities, nature vs nurture.