. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 May 1.

Published in final edited form as: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009 Mar 19;1790(5):283–308. doi: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.03.011

Table 1.

Marine Pharmacology in 2005–6: Marine Compounds with Anthelmintic, Antibacterial, Anticoagulant, Antifungal, Antimalarial, Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis, and Antiviral Activities

Drug Class	Compound/Organism^a	Chemistry	Pharmacologic Activity	IC₅₀^b	MMOA^b	Country^c	References
Anthelmintic	(−)-echinobetaine A & (+)-B (1,2)/sponge	Alkaloid^f	Activity against nematode Haemonchus contortus	8.3–83 μg/mL⁺⁺	Undetermined	AUS	[27,28]
Anthelmintic	Laurencia scoparia terpene (3)/alga	Sesquiterpene^e	Activity against nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis	0.11 mM	Undetermined	URY, BRA	[29]
Antibacterial	caminosides B & D (4,5)/sponge	Polysaccharide^g	Methicillin-resistant S. aureus & vancomicin- resistant Enterococcus inhibition	3.1–6.3 μg/disk⁺	E. coli Type III secretion inhibition	CAN, NLD, USA	[30]
Antibacterial	Spongosorites sp. alkaloids (6,7)/sponge	Alkaloid^f	S. aureus inhibition	3.12–6.25	Sortase A inhibition	S.KOR	[31]
Antibacterial	aurelin (8)/jellyfish	Peptide^f	E. Coli inhibition	7.7 μg/mL⁺	Undetermined	RUS	[32]
Antibacterial	batzellaside A (9)/sponge	Alkaloid^f	S. epidermidis inhibition	≤ 6.3 μg/mL⁺	Undetermined	USA	[33]
Antibacterial	dendridine A (10)/sponge	Alkaloid^f	B. subtilis & M. luteus inhibition	4.2–8.3 μg/mL⁺	Undetermined	AUS, JPN	[34]
Antibacterial	6-oxo-de-O-methyllasiodiplodi n (11)/fungus	Polyketide^d	B. subtilis, S. aureus & S. enteritidis inhibition	6.25–12.5 μg/mL⁺	Undetermined	CHN	[35]
Antibacterial	grammistins (12)/fish	Peptide^f	B. subtilis, S. aureus & E. coli inhibition	3.13–12.5 μg/mL⁺	Undetermined	JPN	[36]
Antibacterial	halichonadin C (13)/sponge	Sesquiterpene^e	M. luteus inhibition	0.52 μg/mL⁺	Undetermined	JPN	[37]
Antibacterial	lajollamycin (14)/bacterium	Polyketide^d	S. aureus & S. pneumoniae inhibition	1.5–4 μg/mL⁺	Undetermined	USA	[38]
Antibacterial	marinomycins A–D (15–18)/bacterium	Polyketide^d	S. aureus & E. faceium inhibition	0.1–0.6 μM	Undetermined	USA	[39]
Antibacterial	resistoflavin methyl ether(19)/bacteria	Polyketide^d	B. subtilis inhibition	3.1 μg/mL⁺	Undetermined	DEU	[40]
Antibacterial	Streptomyces anthraquinones (20,21)/bacterium	Polyketide^d	Methicillin-resistant S. aureus inhibition	0.15–0.36	Undetermined	USA	[41]
Antibacterial	Streptomycetaceae quinone (22)/bacterium	Polyketide^d	Methicillin-resistant S. aureus & vancomicin-resistant Enterococcus inhibition	1.95–3.90 μg/mL⁺	Undetermined	USA	[42]
Antibacterial	xeniolide I (23)/soft coral	Terpene^e	E. coli & B. subtilis inhibition	1.2 μg/mL⁺	Undetermined	ISR	[43]
Anticoagulant	Limandra aspera protein/fish	Peptide^f	Factor XIIa and platelet integrins inhibition	< 1 μM	Formation of inactive complex with XIIa	KOR	[57]
Anticoagulant	fucoidans (24)/alga	Polysaccharide^g	Thrombin and factor Xa inhibition in vitro and in vivo	ND		RUS	[58]
Anticoagulant	heparin (25)/clam	Polysaccharide^g	Activated partial thromboplastin time & Xa inhibition in vitro	52–97 IU/mg	Lower activity than bovine mucosal heparin	ITA	[59]
Anticoagulant	sulfated galactans (26,27)/alga	Polysaccharide^g	Thrombin and factor Xa inhibition in vitro	ND	2,3-disulfated a- galactose units critical motif	BRA	[60]
Anticoagulant	sulfated galactofucan (28)/alga	Polysaccharide^g	Endothelial cell heparan sulfate synthesis stimulation	ND	Factor Xa inhibition in vitro	BRA	[61]
Antifungal	capisterones A & B (29,30)/alga	Steroid^e	Enhancement of fluconazole activity	ND	CDR1 & MDR1 efflux pump reversal activity	USA	[62]
Antifungal	*Dysidea herbacea* phenol (31)/sponge	Polyketide^d	C. albicans & A. niger inhibition	1.95–7.8 μg/mL⁺	Leakage of K⁺ from fungal cells	ISR	[63]
Antifungal	spongistatin (32)/sponge	Polyketide^d	Broad panel of yeasts and filamentous fungi	1–32 μg/mL⁺	Disruption of microtubule network	USA	[64]
Antifungal	halocidin (33)/ascidian	Peptide^f	C. albicans inhibition	1–4 μg/mL⁺	Membrane pore formation	KOR	[66]
Antifungal	hassallidin A (34)/bacterium	Lipopeptide^f	C. albicans & A. fumigatus inhibition	4.8 μM⁺	Undetermined	DEU	[67]
Antifungal	latrunculins (35–42)/sponge	Polyketide^d	C. albicans inhibition comparable to clotrimazole	2.5–19 μM⁺	Undetermined	EGY, USA	[49]
Antifungal	majusculoic acid (43)/bacterium	Polyketide^d	C. albicans inhibition, less potent than fluconazole	8 μM⁺	Undetermined	USA	[68]
Antimalarial	pycnidione (44)/fungus	Polyketide^d	P. falciparum W2 & D6 strain inhibition	0.2–0.4 ng/mL	Undetermined	AUS, USA	[77]
Antimalarial	plakortide Q (45)/sponge	Polyketide^d	P. falciparum D10 & W2 strain inhibition	0.5–1 μM	Undetermined	ITA	[78]
Antimalarial	Xestospongia sp. xestoquinone (46)/sponge	Polyketide^d	FCB1 P. falciparum inhibition	3 μM	Pfnek-1 kinase inhibition	FRA	[79]
Antimalarial	manzamine Y (47)/sponge	Alkaloid^f	P. falciparum D6 & W2 strain inhibition	0.4–0.85 μg/mL	Undetermined	IDN, ESP, USA	[80]
Antimalarial	caucanolides A & D (48,49)/soft coral	Diterpene^e	P. falciparum W2 inhibition	17 μg/mL	Undetermined	COL, PAN, USA	[81]
Antimalarial	Eunicea sp. sesquiterpenoids (50–54)/coral	Sesquiterpene^e	P. falciparum W2 strain inhibition	10–18 μg/mL	Undetermined	COL, PAN, USA	[82]
Antimalarial	kallolide D (55)/sea whip	Diterpene^e	P. falciparum inhibition	30.6 μM	Undetermined	PAN, USA	[83]
Antimalarial	leptolide & deoxypseudopter olide (56,57)/coral	Diterpene^e	P. falciparum W2 strain inhibition	50 & 74 μM	Undetermined	ESP, PAN	[84]
Antimalarial	Muricea austera tyramine (58)/coral	Tyramine	P. falciparum W2 strain inhibition	36 μM	Undetermined	ESP, PAN	[85]
Antiprotozoal	ent-plakortide P (59)/sponge	Polyketide^d	Leishmania mexicana inhibition	1 μg/mL	Undetermined	KOR	[86]
Antiprotozoal	karatungiol A (60)/alga	Polyketide^d	Trichomonas foetus inhibition	1 μg/mL⁺	Undetermined	JPN	[87]
Antiprotozoal	isoakaterpin (61)/sponge	Meroterpenoid^e	Leishmania spp. adenosine phosphoribosyl transferase inhibition	1.05 μM	Undetermined	CAN, BRA	[88]
Antituberculosi s	fistularin-3 & 11- deoxyfistularin-3 (62,63)/sponge	Tyrosine	M. tuberculosis inhibition	7.1–7.3 μM⁺	Undetermined	BRA	[89]
Antituberculosi s	ileabethoxazole (64)/soft coral	Diterpene^e	M. tuberculosis inhibition	61 μg/mL⁺	Undetermined	USA	[91]
Antituberculosi s	manzamine alkaloid (65- 73)/sponge	Alkaloids^f	M. tuberculosis inhibition	0.4–5.2 μg/mL⁺	Undetermined	IDN, ESP, USA	[80]
Antiviral	*Callophylis variegata* galactans/alga	Polysaccharide^g	Herpes simplex & dengue type 2 inhibition	0.1–2.2 μg/mL	Undetermined	ARG	[92]
Antiviral	naviculan/diatom	Polysaccharide^g	Herpes simplex 1 & 2 inhibition	7.4–14 μM	Undetermined	JPN	[93]
Antiviral	Schizymenia binderi sulfated galactan/alga	Polysaccharide^g	Herpes simplex 1 & 2 inhibition	0.18–0.76 μg/mL	Interference with HSV-heparan sulfate cellular residues	ARG, CHL	[94]
Antiviral	Sargassum plastoquinones (74–76)/alga	Terpenoid^e	Measles & cytomegalovirus inhibition	0.49–3.1 μM	Lipid peroxidation observed	JPN	[95]
Antiviral	Dictyota diterpenes (77,78)/alga	Diterpene^e	Inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase	10–35 μM^**	RNA-dependent DNA-polymerase activity inhibition	BRA	[96]
Antiviral	griffithsin/alga	Protein^f	T- & M-tropic HIV-1 inhibition	0.043–0.63 nM	Inhibition of CD4- dependent gp120 binding	USA	[97]

Organism, Kingdom Animalia: fish and ascidian (Phylum Chordata); sea star (Phylum Echinodermata), clam (Phylum Mollusca), sponges (Phylum Porifera); corals, sea whips and jellyfish (Phylum Cnidaria); Kingdom Monera: bacteria (Phylum Cyanobacteria); Kingdom Fungi: fungus; Kingdom Plantae: diatom, alga;

IC₅₀: concentration of a compound required for 50% inhibition in vitro,

estimated IC₅₀,

^**

Ki: inhibition constant for a drug,

^***

Kd: concentration at which 50% of ligand binding sites are occupied, ND: not determined;

⁺

MIC: minimum inhibitory concentration,

⁺⁺

LD₉₉: dose required to kill 99% of test population;

MMOA: molecular mechanism of action

Country: ARG: Argentina; AUS: Australia; BRA: Brazil; CAN: Canada; CHN: China; CHL: Chile; COL: Colombia; DEU: Germany; EGY: Egypt; ESP: Spain; FRA: France; IDN: Indonesia; IND: India; ISR: Israel; ITA: Italy; JPN: Japan; NLD: The Netherlands; NZL: New Zealand; PAN: Panama; PRT: Portugal; RUS: Russia; SVN: Slovenia; URY: Uruguay;

Polyketide;

Terpene;

Nitrogen-containing compound;

Polysaccharide.