Table 3.
Odds ratios, 95% confidence intervals, and difference-in-coefficients z and P-valuesa from logistic regressions of daily smoking on gender, background, and lifestyle determinants by race and ethnic group
| Independent variables b | White, OR (CI) | Black, OR (CI) | Black–White, z (P) | Hispan, OR (CI) | Hispan–White, z (P) | Other, OR (CI) | Other–White, z (P) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female (male reference) | 1.516(1.480–1.553) | 1.015(.927–1.111) | −8.78 (.000) | 1.013(.908–1.131) | −7.02 (.000) | 1.342(1.222–1.473) | −2.29(.022) |
| Parents’ education | .970(.965–.976) | 1.010(.991–1.029) | −1.56(.118) | 1.049(1.029–1.070) | 7.92(.000) | .991(.974–1.008) | 3.21(.001) |
| Lives with both parents (does not reference) | .769(.747–.791) | .838(.768–.914) | 4.47(.000) | .863(.773–.963) | 1.83(.067) | .772(.698–.852) | −0.30(.763) |
| Size of community | .999(.990–1.009) | .925(.894–.957) | −4.99(.000) | .985(.945–1.027) | −0.58(.559) | .939(.908–.970) | −2.96(.003) |
| Academic performance | .593(.586–.601) | .729(.696–.764) | 8.63(.000) | .666(.630–.704) | 3.99(.000) | .675(.645–.706) | 5.71(.000) |
| Own income | 1.070(1.066–1.073) | 1.038(1.029–1.047) | −6.85(.000) | 1.051(1.039–1.063) | −2.94(.003) | 1.059(1.048–1.070) | −2.29(.022) |
| Religiosity | .723(.714–.733) | .700(.665–.738) | −0.49(.625) | .723(.681–.768) | 0.13(.893) | .766(.730–.803) | 1.98(.048) |
| Frequency goes out | 1.377(1.364–1.391) | 1.249(1.211–1.288) | −5.74(.000) | 1.300(1.243–1.351) | −2.85(.004) | 1.402(1.354–1.451) | 0.98(.325) |
| Pseudo R2c | .122 | .105 | .082 | .118 |
Source: Monitoring the Future 12th graders 1976–2004, N = 331,696 (estimates weighted for sample design with STATA 8.0)
a
z-Ratio for difference in coefficients for each race and ethnic group compared to whites
b
Controls for year dummy variables are included, but the coefficients are not presented
c
Pseudo R2 = (log likelihood − baseline log likelihood)/baseline log likelihood