Table 1.

Individual, Social and Environmental Influences among Injection Drug Users in Tijuana versus Ciudad Juárez, Mexico

Baseline Characteristics	Total N=428	Tijuana N=222	Cd. Juárez N=206	Odds Ratio\ (95% C.I.)	P-value
Percent unless indicated
Demographics
Median age (IQR)	34 (28, 40)	34 (29, 40)	33 (28, 42)	--	0.594
Female	8.2	8.6	7.8	1.11 (0.56–2.22)	0.765
Socio-economic factors
Completed secondary school	29.7	32.1	27.2	1.27 (0.84–1.92)	0.264
Average monthly income ≥3000 pesos	42.5	39.7	45.4	0.79 (0.53–1.18)	0.256
Sources of income, past 6 months:
Job with pay	24.5	26.6	22.3	1.26 (0.81–1.96)	0.308
Informal work/odd jobs	56.5	43.7	70.4	0.33 (0.22–0.49)	<0.001
Family/friends	8.4	4.1	13.1	0.28 (0.13–0.61)	0.001
Illegal source (e.g. prostitution, selling drugs etc.)	18.7	22.5	14.6	1.71 (1.04–2.81)	0.035
Social Influences
Married/common law	26.7	23.0	30.7	0.67 (0.44–1.03)	0.070
Family uses drugs	48.3	42.4	54.6	0.61 (0.42–0.90)	0.012
Migration
Lived in city of interview < 5 years	13.4	23.3	2.9	10.1 (4.22–24.0)	<0.001
Lived or worked outside Mexico in past 10 years	35.1	39.8	30.1	1.54 (1.03–2.30)	0.035
Deportation from U.S.	8.7	15.5	1.5	12.4 (3.76–41.2)	<0.001*
Structural/environmental vulnerability
Homeless	46.5	55.4	36.9	2.13 (1.44–3.13)	<0.001
Normally injected drugs outside	15.9	27.1	3.9	9.22 (4.29–19.9)	<0.001
Median (IQR) # hours spent daily on the street	13.5 (10, 24)	20.0 (12, 24)	12 (8, 15.3)	--	<0.001
Normally injected drugs at shooting gallery	38.2	57.0	18.0	6.06 (3.89–9.45)	<0.001
Ever been arrested	93.2	95.9	90.3	2.55 (1.13–5.73)	0.020
Ever arrested for carrying used needle/syringe	61.2	74.2	46.2	3.35 (2.19–5.10)	<0.001
Mean (SD) # times in jail/prison	1 (0, 3)	1 (0, 3)	1 (0, 2)	--	0.353
Ever injected in jail	50.1	57.7	41.4	1.94 (1.30–2.88)	0.001

^*Fisher’s Exact Test