Table 1.
Characteristics of cohort studies reporting relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the association between total cruciferous vegetable consumption (highest versus lowest category) and lung cancer incidence
| Reference (Study name, Year) |
Country Study |
Follow-up (years) |
Sex | Age (at recruitment) |
No. of cases |
Size of cohort |
Case ascertainment |
Type of Dietary Questionnaire |
Total cruciferous vegetables measured as cabbage, cauliflower, and Brussels sprouts plus: |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (15)Chow (LBIS, 1992) | US | 11.5 | M | 35+ | 219 | 17,633 | Death certificates | FFQ | Not specified |
| (30)Feskanich (NHS, 2000) | US | 12 | F | 30-55 | 519 | 121,700 | Pathology | FFQ | Broccoli, cole slaw/sauerkraut |
| (30)Freskanich (HPFS, 2000) | US | 10 | M | 40-75 | 274 | 51,529 | Medical records | FFQ | Broccoli, cole slaw/sauerkraut |
| (28)Voornips (NCS,2000)c | Netherlands | 6 | F/M | N/A | 1010 | 3500 | Pathology and cancer registries | FFQ | Kale |
| (29)Neuhouser (CARET, 2003) | US (Heavy smokers) | 8 | F/M | N/A | 326 | 7048 | Pathology and clinical records | FFQ | Broccoli, cole slaw, sauerkraut, mustard greens, turnip greens, and collards |
| (27)Miller (EPIC, 2004) | Europe | 4 | F/M | 25-70 | 860 | 482,924 | Histology, pathology, and cancer registries | FFQ | Broccoli |
a
Sex & centre stratified though author did not specified which sex
b
RR & 95% CI of placebo arm
c
Case cohort study (N of subcohort = 3500)
FFQ: Food frequency questionnaire; N/A: Unknown or not reported
Study's acronym: LBIS: Lutheran Brotherhood Insurance Society; NHS: Nurse's Health Study; HPFS: Health Professional Follow-up Study; NCS: Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer; EPIC: European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition; CARET: β-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial