Table 1.
Description of age-standardized* cardiovascular risk factors in 1994 by category of carbohydrate intake: the Health Professionals' Follow-Up Study (HPFS) and the Nurses' Health Study (NHS)
| HPFS |
NHS |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Percentage of energy from carbohydrate intake |
Percentage of energy from carbohydrate intake |
|||||
| Low (<40%) |
Middle (>40–55%) |
High (>55%) |
Low (<40%) |
Middle (>40–55%) |
High (>55%) |
|
| Age (years) | 60.7 | 61.1 | 61.8 | 58.8 | 59.5 | 60.9 |
| Current smokers (%) | 14.6 | 6.5 | 2.5 | 25.9 | 13.4 | 7.2 |
| Physical activity (MET-h)† | 31.5 | 35.6 | 42.0 | 16.1 | 18.9 | 22.5 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.7 | 26.1 | 25.1 | 26.5 | 26.5 | 25.6 |
| History at baseline | ||||||
| Hypertension (%) | 31.6 | 29.0 | 28.0 | 33.1 | 32.6 | 33.2 |
| High cholesterol (%) | 34.6 | 37.4 | 41.2 | 40.2 | 43.9 | 51.0 |
| Parents' CHD history (%)‡ | 30.6 | 30.2 | 33.2 | 19.5 | 19.5 | 19.6 |
| Current oestrogen replacement (%)§ | – | – | – | 58.8 | 50.7 | 59.6 |
| Multivitamin supplement use (%) | 44.9 | 48.0 | 55.2 | 42.0 | 45.8 | 51.0 |
| Total fruits and vegetables (servings/d) | 4.36 | 5.76 | 7.56 | 4.09 | 5.41 | 6.86 |
| Total fruits (servings/d) | 1.41 | 2.35 | 3.58 | 1.15 | 2.04 | 3.05 |
| Total vegetables (servings/d) | 2.95 | 3.41 | 3.98 | 2.94 | 3.38 | 3.81 |
| Total energy (MJ) | 8.51 | 8.65 | 8.15 | 6.91 | 7.31 | 7.25 |
| Total energy (kcal) | 2033 | 2067 | 1947 | 1651 | 1747 | 1733 |
| Total carbohydrate (g) | 178 | 241 | 304 | 143 | 196 | 244 |
| Whole grains (g) | 16.4 | 26.8 | 40.2 | 11.3 | 18.8 | 28.0 |
| Saturated fat (g) | 28.5 | 23.6 | 16.9 | 23.0 | 19.0 | 13.6 |
| Dietary fibre (g) | 15.9 | 21.0 | 27.9 | 13.5 | 17.3 | 22.0 |
| Cereal fibre (g) | 4.53 | 6.95 | 9.47 | 3.49 | 5.26 | 7.02 |
| Folate from food (μg)‖ | 277 | 337 | 408 | 235 | 287 | 340 |
| Total folate (μg)¶ | 440 | 501 | 613 | 371 | 426 | 505 |
| Vitamin C from food (mg)¶ | 114 | 153 | 206 | 102 | 135 | 173 |
| Vitamin C (mg)‖ | 373 | 425 | 574 | 303 | 334 | 424 |
| Potassium from food (mg)‖ | 3037 | 3339 | 3709 | 2670 | 2988 | 3274 |
| Potassium (mg)¶ | 3048 | 3349 | 3722 | 2720 | 3029 | 3320 |
*
Standardized for age (except for age itself) to the cohort age distribution (NHS or HPFS); values are means, unless otherwise specified.
†
MET-h=sum of the average time/week spent in each activity × MET value of each activity, where
‡
The mother or father had CHD at age 65 years or less in NHS or before age of 60 years in HPFS.
§
Only among postmenopausal women.
‖
Excludes intake from supplements.
¶
Includes intake from food and/or supplements.