Table 1.

The continuum of translation research in human genetics: types of research and examples

Translation research phase	Notation	Typee of research	Examples
T1	Discovery to candidate health application	Observational studies; Phases I and II clinical trials	Development of an accurate test for the FOA gene, based on the discovery of an association between the FOA gene and obesity; early testing of genetically based interventions for feasibility and safety
T2	Health application to evidence-based practice guidelines	Observational studies; Phase III clinical trials; evidence synthesis and guidelines development	What is the positive predictive value of FOA mutations in at-risk populations? What are the effects of obesity-reduction interventions in persons with and without risk-conferring mutations?
T3	Practice guidelines to health practice	Dissemination research; implementation research; diffusion research; Phase IV cinical trials	Whet proportion of population who met the family history criteria is tested for the FOA gene; are there barriers to testing? What approaches can improve the delivery of effective personalized genetically based approaches in clinical practice settings?
T4	Practice to population health impact	Outcomes research (includes many disciplines); population monitoring of morbidity, mortality, benefits, and risk	Does FOA testing in normal and overweight individuals reduce incidence for obesity or improve outcome? Does delivery of genetically targeted interventions improve public-health outcomes?