Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population: SAPALDIA cohort.
| Characteristic | Participants (n = 4,326) |
|---|---|
| Female (%) | 53.0 |
| Swiss nationality (%) | 87.7 |
| Educational level in 2002 (professional education or higher, %) | 27.9 |
| Increase in educational level between surveys (%) | 17.9 |
| Age in 1991 [mean ± SD (years)] | 41.3 ± 11.2 |
| Height [mean ± SD (cm)] | 169.3 ± 8.8 |
| BMI in 1991 [mean ± SD (kg/m2)] | 23.7 ± 3.6 |
| BMI change [mean ± SD (kg/m2)] | 2.1 ± 2.2 |
| Smoking | |
| Never-smokers in 1991 (%) | 48.4 |
| Never-smokers in 2002 (%) | 49.3 |
| Smoking quitters during follow-up (%) | 8.1 |
| Current smokers in 1991 (%) | 29.3 |
| Current smokers in 2002 (%) | 21.9 |
| No. of pack-years for current smokers in 2002 [median (IQR)] | 26.7 (14.0–42.6) |
| Cigarettes per day for current smokers in 1991 [median (IQR)] | 20 (10–25) |
| Cigarettes per day for current smokers in 2002 [median (IQR)] | 15 (7–20) |
| Passive smoking and occupational exposure (%) | |
| ETS exposure in never-smokers in 1991 | 13.1 |
| ETS exposure in never-smokers in 2002 | 7.7 |
| Father or mother smoked during childhood | 56.1 |
| Workplace exposure to dust and fumes in 1991 | 30.3 |
| Workplace exposure to dust and fumes in 2002 | 13.2 |
| Atopy in 1991 | 22.3 |
| Change in average individual home outdoor PM10 exposurea | |
| All areas (n = 4,326) | −5.8 (−7.3 to −4.2) |
| Basel area (n = 486) | −8.0 (−9.1 to −6.9) |
| Wald area (n = 889) | −4.5 (−4.8 to −3.9) |
| Davos area (n = 318) | −3.0 (−3.1 to −2.8) |
| Lugano area (n = 568) | −12.1 (−13.5 to −10.8) |
| Montana area (n = 431) | −4.0 (−4.2 to −3.7) |
| Payerne area (n = 595) | −5.0 (−5.3 to −4.6) |
| Aarau area (n = 689) | −6.4 (−6.8 to −5.8) |
| Geneva area (n = 350) | −6.2 (−7.3 to −5.7) |
| Lung function in 1991 [mean ± SD (L)]b | |
| FVC in women | 3.82 ± 0.61 |
| FVC in men | 5.30 ± 0.82 |
| FEV1 in women | 3.07 ± 0.55 |
| FEV1 in men | 4.11 ± 0.72 |
| FEF25–75 in women | 3.07 ± 1.00 |
| FEF25–75 in men | 3.79 ± 1.29 |
| Annual change [mean ± SD) (mL/year)]b | |
| FVC in women | −20.79 ± 34.11 |
| FVC in men | −29.17 ± 45.47 |
| FEV1 in women | −31.88 ± 25.72 |
| FEV1 in men | −39.77 ± 32.91 |
| FEF25–75 in women | −68.89 ± 58.88 |
| FEF25–75 in men | −74.11 ± 70.24 |
| Genotype distribution | |
| p53 P72R, rs1042522 | |
| GG | 2,407 |
| CG | 1,637 |
| CC | 282 |
| p21 S31R, rs1801270 | |
| CC | 3,701 |
| CA or AAc | 625 |
| CCND1 P242P, rs9344 | |
| GG | 1,211 |
| GA | 2,140 |
| AA | 975 |
| CCND1 −7006G>C, rs667515 | |
| GG | 1,628 |
| GC | 2,058 |
| CC | 640 |
| Diplotype distributiond | |
| CCND1 haplotype 1 (rs667515, rs9344) | |
| −/− | 3,125 |
| GG/− | 1,088 |
| GG/GG | 113 |
| CCND1 haplotype 2 (rs667515, rs9344) | |
| −/− | 1,251 |
| GA/− | 2,150 |
| GA/GA | 925 |
| CCND1 haplotype 3 (rs667515, rs9344) | |
| −/− | 1,678 |
| CG/− | 2,048 |
| CG/CG | 600 |
| CCND1 haplotype 4 (rs667515, rs9344) | |
| −/− | 4,239 |
| CA/− | 84 |
| CA/CA | 3 |
IQR, interquartile range.
a
PM10 (μg/m3) in the year before SAPALDIA1 minus PM10 in the year before SAPALDIA2.
b
Women, n = 2,293; men, n = 2,033.
c
Genotype distribution: p21 CA, n = 594; p21 AA, n = 31.
d
Diplo-type distribution is labeled as follows: −/−, none of the specific haplotype present; (rs667515, rs9344)/− (e.g., GG/−), one of the specific haplotypes present; (rs667515, rs9344)/(rs667515, rs9344) (e.g., GG/GG), for two of the specific haplotypes present.