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Schematic view of PPARγ activation in VSMCs. In VSMCs, TZDs attenuate growth factor–induced (e.g., AngII) cell migration, proliferation, and fibrosis in either a PPARγ-dependent or -independent manner by interfering with growth factor–stimulated signaling pathways. PPARγ activation exerts antiinflammatory roles by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway; PPARγ activation promotes apoptosis via inducing IRF-1 or GADD45 expression.
