Table 3.
English and Chinese proficiency as predictors of reading tests, math tests, GPA, and depressive symptoms
| Reading tests |
Math tests |
GPA |
Depression |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | SE | β | B | SE | β | B | SE | β | B | SE | β | |
| Panel A | ||||||||||||
| Adolescent grade level | .08 | .04 | .11* | |||||||||
| Adolescent gender | 1.36 | 1.76 | .03 | 1.12 | 1.87 | .03 | .38 | .05 | .33** | .03 | .04 | .04 |
| Maternal education | 4.63 | 1.94 | .10* | 1.09 | 2.06 | .03 | .18 | .06 | .14** | −.04 | .05 | −.05 |
| Adolescent Chinese proficiency | −3.21 | .81 | −.18** | −1.71 | .86 | −.10* | .00 | .03 | .00 | −.02 | .02 | −.06 |
| Adolescent English proficiency | 12.01 | 1.16 | .47** | 5.44 | 1.23 | .23** | .13 | .04 | .19** | −.02 | .03 | −.04 |
| Adolescent Chinese × English | 1.27 | .99 | .06 | 3.37 | 1.05 | .16** | .02 | .03 | .03 | .02 | .02 | .04 |
| Overall model significance | F(3, 429) = 37.05** | F(3, 431) = 9.89** | F(3, 428) = 16.97** | F(3, 437) = 1.11 | ||||||||
| Panel B | ||||||||||||
| Adolescent grade level | .09 | .04 | .11* | |||||||||
| Adolescent gender | 1.09 | 1.99 | .03 | .57 | 1.94 | .02 | .39 | .05 | .34** | .03 | .04 | .03 |
| Maternal education | 4.73 | 2.39 | .11* | .32 | 2.33 | .01 | .16 | .07 | .13* | .02 | .05 | .03 |
| Maternal Chinese proficiency | −1.40 | .94 | −.08 | −.38 | .92 | −.02 | −.04 | .03 | −.07 | −.03 | .02 | −.09 |
| Maternal English proficiency | 4.73 | .89 | .30** | 2.30 | .87 | .16** | .05 | .02 | .12* | −.05 | .02 | −.15* |
| Maternal Chinese × English | .53 | .59 | .05 | −.20 | .57 | −.02 | .01 | .02 | .02 | .00 | .01 | .02 |
| Overall model significance | F(3, 394) = 11.37** | F(3, 396) = 2.47* | F(3, 393) = 14.90** | F(3, 400) = 2.39* | ||||||||
| Panel C | ||||||||||||
| Adolescent grade level | .09 | .04 | .11* | |||||||||
| Adolescent gender | .90 | 1.77 | .02 | .66 | 1.89 | .02 | .39 | .05 | .34** | .02 | .04 | .02 |
| Maternal education | 3.88 | 2.07 | .09< | .35 | 2.21 | .01 | .15 | .06 | .12* | .00 | .05 | .00 |
| Adolescent English proficiency | 11.70 | 1.27 | .46** | 5.86 | 1.36 | .25** | .11 | .04 | .16** | .02 | .03 | .05 |
| Maternal English proficiency | 2.50 | .81 | .16** | 1.36 | .87 | .09 | .04 | .03 | .08 | −.05 | .02 | −.15* |
| Maternal × adolescent English | −.53 | .97 | −.03 | −.84 | 1.03 | −.05 | −.01 | .03 | −.02 | .02 | .02 | .06 |
| Overall model significance | F(3, 393) = 35.26** | F(3, 395) = 7.82** | F(3, 392) = 17.24** | F(3, 399) = 1.91† | ||||||||
| Panel D | ||||||||||||
| Adolescent grade level | .08 | .04 | .10* | |||||||||
| Adolescent gender | 1.56 | 2.03 | .04 | .57 | 1.95 | .02 | .38 | .06 | .33** | .03 | .04 | .04 |
| Maternal education | 6.64 | 2.28 | .15** | 1.31 | 2.20 | .03 | .21 | .06 | .17** | −.03 | .05 | −.03 |
| Adolescent Chinese proficiency | −4.05 | 1.03 | −.23** | −1.38 | .99 | −.08 | .02 | .03 | .04 | −.02 | .02 | −.05 |
| Maternal Chinese proficiency | −.26 | 1.06 | −.01 | .30 | 1.02 | .02 | −.04 | .03 | −.09 | −.03 | .02 | −.09 |
| Maternal × adolescent Chinese | .74 | .69 | .06 | 1.46 | .67 | .13* | .02 | .02 | .06 | −.04 | .01 | −.14* |
| Overall model significance | F(3, 394) = 9.18** | F(3, 396) = 2.42* | F(3, 393) = 14.20** | F(3, 400) = 2.12* | ||||||||
*
p < 0.05,
**
p < 0.01,
†
p < 0.10