Bovine pulmonary arterial endothelial cells were exposed to or not exposed to a 3-h oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and posttreated with or without 2% isoflurane (Iso-post) for 30, 60 or 90 min immediately after the oxygen-glucose deprivation (panel A), with or without various concentrations of isoflurane for 60 min immediately after the oxygen-glucose deprivation (panel B), or with or without 2% isoflurane for 60 min at 10, 30, 60 or 90 min after the oxygen-glucose deprivation (panel C). Results are means ± S.D. (n = 23 to 45 for panel A, 27 to 55 for panel B and 27 for panel C). * P < 0.05 compared with control. ˆ P < 0.05 compared with oxygen-glucose deprivation only.