Figure 1.

Eye movement signals (EOG) and electromyographic activity (EMG) in waking with eyes closed (WEC), during lucid dreaming, and during REM sleep. EOG refers to 2 channels, one from each eye, as indicated by separate colors. Eyes are moved to the left (L), right (R), left (L), and back to a central position (C). Eye movements in lucid dreaming are systematic, repetitive, and more pronounced than in REM sleep. Low EMG tracings are found in lucid dreaming and REM sleep, highlighting the muscle relaxation common to both states. Mean EMG amplitude for lucid dreaming and REM sleep showed no systematic variability between the 2 states. Subject 1 gave 3 repetitive eye signals. Subjects 2 signalled 4 times and subject 3 three times repetitively.