Table 1.
Characteristics of the 23 Studies on Postmenopausal Women
| Author, Publication Year* (reference) | Mean Participant’s Age† (y) | Mean Time Since Menopause‡ (y) | Number of Participants (control/HT) | Type of Estrogen-based HT | HT Dosage of Estrogen Component (mg/d) | Study Design and Duration (mo) | Use of HT Prior to Strength Measurement§ (mo) | PEDro Scale‖ |
| Widrick et al., 2003 (28) | 53 | 2 | 9/8 | Various | ∼0.625 | CS | 24 | 5 |
| Seeley et al., 1995 (29) | 72 | — | 5,616/1,331 | Various | ∼0.625 | CS | 178 | 5 |
| Armstrong et al., 1996 (30) | 61 | 13 | 54/54 | Prempak-C or Premarin (Wyeth, Madison, NJ) | 0.625 | Long (11) | 0 | 9 |
| Bemben and Langdon, 2002 (31) | 59 | 14 | 20/20 | Various | ∼0.65 | CS | 136 | 5 |
| Taaffe et al., 1995 (32) | 69 | 21 | 48/37 | Various | ∼0.625 | CS | 214 | 5 |
| Bassey et al., 1996 (33) | 51 | — | 91/14 | Various | — | CS | — | 5 |
| Maddalozzo et al., 2004 (34) | 51 | 1 | 59/67 | Premarin (Wyeth) | 0.625 | Long (12) | 16 | 4 |
| Krintz-Silverstein et al., 1994 (35) | 77 | 30 | 176/465 | Various | — | CS | — | 4 |
| Maddalozzo et al., 2007 (27) | 52 | 2 | 29/34 | Premarin (Wyeth) | 0.625 | Long (12) | 26 | 5 |
| Baumgartner et al., 1999 (36) | 76 | — | 132/48 | Various | — | CS | — | 5 |
| Taaffe et al., 2005 (37) | 74 | — | 581/259 | Various | — | CS | 214 | 5 |
| Uusi-Rasi et al., 2003 (38) | 62 | 11 | 35/42 | Various | — | CS | 127 | 5 |
| Ribom et al., 2002 (39) | 67 | — | 17/17 | Menorest (Novartis, Basel, Switzerland) | 4.3 | Long (6) | 0 | 9 |
| Greeves et al., 1999 (40) | 51 | 1–3¶ | 10/11 | Various | — | Long (9) | 0 | 5 |
| Preisinger et al., 1995 (41) | 60 | 10 | 22/21 | Various | — | CS | 47 | 5 |
| Cauley et al., 1987 (42) | 57 | 9 | 255/55 | Various | ∼0.37 | CS | 91 | 5 |
| Heikkinen et al., 1997 (43) | 53 | 0.5–3¶ | 26/52 | Divina or Divitren (Orion Pharma, Espoo, Finland) | 2.0 | Long (24) | 0 | 7 |
| Sipila and Taaffe, 2001 and 2003# (12,13) | 50–57¶ | 0.5–5¶ | 17/17 | Kilogest (Novo Nordisk, Bagsvaerd, Denmark) | 2.0 | Long (12) | 0 | 10 |
| Carville et al., 2006 (44) | 69 | — | 14/15 | Various | — | CS | 158 | 5 |
| Onambele et al., 2006 (45) | 63 | 16 | 8/14 | Various | ∼0.3 | CS | — | 5 |
| Brooke-Wavell et al., 2001 (46) | 65 | — | 14/22 | Estraderm TTS 50 (Ciba-Geigy, Basel, Switzerland) | 2.0 | CS | — | 4 |
| Skelton et al., 1999 (47) | 61 | 10 | 50/44 | Premak-C (Wyeth) | 0.625 | Long (12) | 0 | 7 |
| Phillips et al., 1993 (2) | 42–72¶ | 5–17¶ | 35/21 | Various | — | CS | 94 | 4 |
Notes: — = information not provided; CS = cross-sectional; HT = hormone therapy; Long = longitudinal.
*
Studies arranged from low to high effect size to correspond with Figure 1.
†
Mean age for all participants in a study regardless of treatment group.
‡
Mean time postmenopausal for all participants regardless of treatment group.
§
Initial strength measurement for the longitudinal studies.
‖
Quality assessment by the Physiotherapy Evidence-based Database (PEDro) Scale (highest quality = 11, lowest = 1).
¶
Range.
#
Combined study data for Sipila et al. (2001) and Taaffe et al. (2005).