Figure 3.

Inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase-3 reduced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) production. (A) C3H/HeN mice were injected with LPS (15 mg·kg⁻¹ i.p.) for the indicated time periods with or without lithium chloride (LiCl) (40 mg·kg⁻¹) or 6-bromo-indirubin-3′-oxime (BIO) (2 mg·kg⁻¹) co-treatment. The mice were killed and their sera collected to determine levels of TNF-α and RANTES using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data, obtained from three mice, are means ± SD *P < 0.05. (B) Mouse collecting duct epithelial M1 cells (5 × 10⁴ cells/well in 96-well culture plates) were treated with LPS (1 µg·mL⁻¹) for the indicated time periods with or without LiCl (20 mM) or BIO (5 µM) pretreatment for 0.5 h. Levels of TNF-α and RANTES in culture supernatants were determined by ELISA. Data, obtained from triplicate cultures, are means ± SD *P < 0.05.