Table 3. Comparison of demographic and behavioral risk factors and clinical and treatment outcomes of tuberculosis (TB) case-patients who have genetically clustered genotypes with factors and outcomes of patients who had unique genotype patternsa.
| Variableb | Clustered (%) | Unclustered (%) | Relative risk (95% CI) | Probabilityc | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total cases (n=10,752) | 5.171(48.1) | 5,581 (51.9) | ||||
| Gender | Male | 3,289 (63.6) | 3,107 (55.7) | 1.19 (1.14% to 1.24%) | <0.001 | |
| Female | 1,881 (36.4) | 2,473 (44.3) | ||||
| Unknown | 1 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) | ||||
| Mean age (yrs; ±S.E.) | 44.8 (±0.26) | 49.4 (±0.28) | <0.0001 | |||
| Race/ethnicity | White, non-Hispanic | 1,018 (19.7) | 1,201 (21.5) | 0.94 (0.90% to 0.99%) | 0.02 | |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 2,254 (43.6) | 1,237 (22.2) | 1.61 (1.55% to 1.67%) | <0.001 | ||
| Hispanic | 914 (17.7) | 1,112 (19.9) | 0.92 (0.88% to 0.97%) | 0.003 | ||
| American Indian/Native | 17 (0.3) | 10 (0.2) | ||||
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 961 (18.6) | 2,014 (36.1) | 0.60 (0.56% to 0.63%) | <0.001 | ||
| Unknown | 7 (0.1) | 7 (0.1) | 0.59 (0.55% to 0.63%) | |||
| Place of birth | U.S.-born | 3,331 (64.4) | 2,023 (36.2) | 1.83 (1.75% to 1.90%) | <0.001 | |
| Foreign-born | 1,825 (35.3) | 3,552 (63.6) | ||||
| Unknown | 15 (0.3) | 6 (0.1) | ||||
| Recent to United Statesd | Yes | 535 (29.3) | 1,225 (34.5) | 2,111 (59.4) | <0.001 | |
| No | 1,181 (64.7) | |||||
| Unknown | 109 (6.0) | 216 (6.1) | ||||
| Site of disease | Pulmonary | 3,902 (75.5) | 3,835 (68.7) | 1.20 (1.14% to1.26%) | <0.001 | |
| Extrapulmonary | 788 (15.2) | 1,254 (22.5) | 0.77 (0.72% to 0.81%) | <0.001 | ||
| Pulmonary and extrapulmonary | 476 (9.2) | 492 (8.8) | NS | |||
| Unknown | 5 (0.1) | 0 | ||||
| Sputum smear | Positive | 2,270 (43.9) | 2,011 (36.0) | 1.22 (1.11% to 1.33%) | <0.001 | |
| Negative | 1,802 (34.8) | 1,943 (34.8) | ||||
| Not done/unknown | 1,099 (21.3) | 1,627 (29.1) | ||||
| Chest radiographe | Cavitary | 1,345 (30.7) | 1,172 (27.1) | 1.09 (1.04% to 1.14%) | <0.001 | |
| Noncavitary | 2,639 (60.2) | 2,826 (65.3) | ||||
| Normal | 146 (3.3) | 118 (2.73) | ||||
| Not done/unknown | 253 (5.8) | 211 (4.9) | ||||
| Total | 4,383 | 4,327 | ||||
| HIV statusf | Positive | 458 (22.2) | 223 (11.8) | 1.37 (1.29% to 1.46%) | <0.001 | |
| Negative | 978 (47.4) | 847 (44.8) | NS | |||
| Indeterminate | 0 | 4 (0.2) | ||||
| Refused | 106 (5.1) | 138 (7.3) | ||||
| Not offered | 252 (12.2) | 354 (18.7) | ||||
| Unknown | 270 (13.0) | 323 (17.1) | ||||
| Total | 2,064 | 1,889 | ||||
| Homeless within past year | Yes | 370 (7.2) | 139 (2.5) | 1.55 (1.46% to 1.64% | <0.001 | |
| No | 4,724 (91.4) | 5,370 (96.2) | ||||
| Unknown | 77 (1.5) | 72 (1.3) | ||||
| Resident of correctional facility at diagnosis | Yes | 190 (3.7) | 69 (1.2) | 1.55 (1.43% to 1.67%) | <0.001 | |
| No | 4,966 (96.0) | 5,503 (98.6) | ||||
| Unknown | 15 (0.3) | 9 (0.2) | ||||
| Injecting drug useg | Yes | 312 (6.0) | 72 (1.3) | 1.73 (1.65% to 1.83%) | <0.001 | |
| No | 4,540 (87.8) | 5,231 (93.7) | ||||
| Unknown | 319 (6.2) | 278 (5.0) | ||||
| Noninjecting drug useg | Yes | 460 (8.9) | 140 (2.5) | 1.65 (1.57% to 1.73%) | <0.001 | |
| No | 4,335 (83.8) | 5,140 (92.1) | ||||
| Unknown | 376 (7.3) | 301 (5.4) | ||||
| Excessive alcohol useg | Yes | 948 (18.3) | 371 (6.6) | 1.61 (1.54% to 1.67%) | <0.001 | |
| No | 3,897 (75.4) | 4,893 (87.7) | ||||
| Unknown | 326 (6.3) | 317 (5.7) | ||||
| First-line drugs h | ||||||
| Yes | 622 (12.1) | 755 (13.7) | 0.93 (0.87% to 0.99%) | 0.016 | ||
| No | 2,718 (53.0) | 3,337 (60.5) | ||||
| Not done | 1,748 (34.1) | 1,356 (24.6) | ||||
| Unknown | 45 (0.9 | 66 (1.2) | ||||
| Total | 5,133 | 5,514 | ||||
aCI, confidence interval; S.E., standard error. bOnly factors that had significant differences are shown. cProbability of chi-square statistic is shown, except for t-test results from analysis of age from each group. dForeign-born only; arrived in the United States within 2 years. eExcludes cases with extrapulmonary TB only. fCalifornia TB cases not included; ages 15–44 years only. gExcessive drug or alcohol use within last year. hFirst-line drug resistance is resistance to at least one of the following: isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, or streptomycin. Second-line drug resistance is resistance to one or more of the following: ethionamide, kanamycin, cycloserine, capreomycin, para-amino salicylic acid, amikacin, rifabutin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, or other drugs. Testing results for one or more of the drugs could have been missing.