Summary of Valuation Studies

Author	Study Area	Valuation Technique	Environmental hazard	Results
Brajer et al. 2006 [32]	Hong-Kong	Dose –response function/benefits transfer	Air pollution	Authors find that there remain significant health gains, ranging between €1.4 billion and € 4.6 billion over the period 2003–2012 that could be achieved should Hong Kong further reduce ambient pollution levels.
Mead and Brajer 2006 [33]	China	Dose –response function/benefits transfer	Air pollution	Authors report a total valuation of over €9.9 billion for a program that would result in nearly a billion morbidity instances avoidance.
Li et al. 2003 [29]	Shanghai	Benefit-Cost ratio	Air pollution	The study shows that the benefit-to-cost ratio is in the range of 1 to 5 for the power-sector initiative and 2 to 15 for the industrial-sector initiative. Thus, there appear to be substantial benefits associated with air pollution control in developing cities.
Aunan et al. 1998 [30]	Hungary	Cost-Benefit Analysis	Air pollution	The estimated annual benefit of improved health conditions alone is likely to exceed the investments needed to implement the program even under the lowest estimates.
Miraglia 2007 [31]	Brasil	Cost-Benefit Analysis	Air pollution	Estimated benefits using an averted behaviour technique far outweighed measured costs indicating that Sao Paulo would benefit from the biodiesel use.
Wang and Mullahy 2006 [25]	China	Contingent Valuation	Air pollution	Authors report that respondents are on average willing to pay WTP of € 28.7 for a program that would cut one quarter of premature deaths due to air pollution.
Wang and Zhang 2009 [26]	China	Contingent Valuation	Air pollution	The mean WTP was estimated to be €10.79 per person per year
Chau et al. 2007 [35]		Revealed and Stated Preference techniques/Meta-analysis	Air pollution	Findings indicate that there would be some benefit gains for the owners-employers and the society if certain regular filter sets were adopted.
Gupta 2008 [34]	India	Cost of illness	Air pollution	Results indicate that the mean worker from Kanpur would gain €2.61 per year if air pollution were reduced to a safe level.
Hammit and Zhou 2006 [27]	China	Contingent Valuation	Air pollution	The sample average median WTP to prevent an episode of cold ranges between € 2.5 and € 4.99 while the WTP to prevent a statistical case of chronic bronchitis ranges between € 416 and € 832.73.
Alberini et al. 1997 [28]	Taiwan	Contingent Valuation	Air pollution	Median WTP to avoid a recurrence of the average episode is found to be € 41.35.
Navrud 2001 [37]	Norway	Contingent Valuation	Air pollution	Mean WTP for an environmental program that would result to reduced health risks (avoiding one additional day of the health symptoms) ranges from €16.62 for coughing to €44.2 for the shortness of breath.
Alberini et al. 2006 [38]	UK, France and Italy	Contingent Valuation	Air pollution	Mean WTP from the pooled sample is €1168 per year for a 5 to 1000 mortality risk reduction while the value of a loss of one year’s life expectancy is between €56,903 and €146,913.
Desaigues et al. 2003 [39]	France	Contingent Valuation	Air pollution	Mean WTP for a mortality risk reduction of 1 to 1000 between the age of 70 and 80 is € 458.6.
Chilton et al. 2004 [40]	UK	Contingent Valuation	Air pollution	Mean annual WTP is € 138.82 for the one month life expectancy extension sample, € 157.31 for the three months sample, and € 187.38 for the six months sample.
Larson et al. 1999 [41]	Russia	Value of a Statistical Life/Cost-Benefit Analysis	Air pollution	The total net present benefit of five projects to reduce particulate emissions is estimated at about € 37.23 million
Machato and Murato 2002 [47]	Portugal	Contingent Valuation/Contingent ranking	Bathing water pollution	The sample mean WTP to avoid gastroenteritis episodes was found to be €55.56.
Johnson et al. 2008 [48]	Scotland	Dose response function/Benefit Transfer	Bathing water pollution	Health benefits from a reduction in the risk of illness resulting from swimming in contaminated waters were found to be €348.000 annually.
Georgiou et al. 2000 [49]	UK	Cost-Benefit Analysis	Bathing water pollution	Results indicate that mean WTP amounts, representing the economic benefits of the revision are of the same order of magnitude as the estimated potential cost increases in average annual household water bills necessary to implement the revision.
Dasgupta 2004 [46]	India	Cost of illness	Drinking water pollution	Annual health costs related to Diarrhoeal diseases are aggregated to the whole population are found to equal € 34.19.
Dwight et al. 2005 [43]	US	Cost of illness	Bathing water pollution	The economic burden per gastrointestinal illness was estimated at € 31.9, the burden per acute respiratory disease at € 66.94, the burden per ear ailment at € 32.95, and the burden per eye ailment at € 23.81.
Shuval 2003 [50]	World	Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY)	Bathing water pollution	The total estimated impact of the human disease attributable to marine pollution by sewage is about 3 million DALY per year, with an estimated economic loss of some € 11.16 billion per year.
Maddison et al. 2005 [51]	Bangladesh	Value of Statistical Life	Groundwater contamination with Arsenic	Authors report an aggregate WTP of €2.26 billion annually to avoid mortality and morbidity cases
Burtraw et al. 2003 [52]	US	Carbon tax	Climate Change	Authors find health-related ancillary benefits from further reductions in carbon emissions under a € 23.15 carbon tax to be about € 7.41 per metric ton of carbon reduced in the year 2010.
Bosello et al. 2006 [9]	World	General equilibrium macroeconomic model	Climate Change	Results imply the welfare costs (or benefits) of health impacts contribute substantially to the total costs of climate change both in terms of GDP and investment
Bateman et al. 2005 [53]	Portugal, England, Scotland, New Zeland	Contingent Valuation/Natural Experiment	Climate Change	For both the private and public good, proposed to reduce health risks from exposure to solar radiation, WTP is highest in New Zealand followed by Scotland and England, with the lowest value being given by the Portuguese sample. Results suggest that WTP reflects differences in exogenous health risks in the four countries.
Tseng et al. 2009 [54]	Taiwan	Contingent Valuation	Climate Change	Results indicate that people would pay €15.78, € 70.35 and € 111.62 per year in order to reduce the probabilities of dengue fever inflection by 12%, 43%, and 87%, respectively.