. 2009 Jul 2;6(7):1930–1946. doi: 10.3390/ijerph6071930

Table 2.

Geometric Means and P-values Overall and by Level of Smoke Exposure for 12 Urinary Metals.

Metal	Creatinine Adjustment	Overall Geometric Mean metal level	Nonsmokers			Smokers	P-value^a
Metal	Creatinine Adjustment	Overall Geometric Mean metal level	Geometric Mean metal level without SHS	Geometric Mean metal level with Low SHS	Geometric Mean metal level with High SHS	Geometric Mean metal level	P-value^a
Cadmium	Adjusted^b	0.22 (0.21,0.23)	0.21 (0.20,0.22)	0.20 (0.18,0.21)^e	0.16 (0.14,0.17)^f	0.34 (0.30,0.37)^f	0.0000
Cadmium	Unadjusted^c	0.22 (0.21,0.23)	0.20 (0.19,0.21)	0.21 (0.19,0.23)^d	0.17 (0.15,0.19)^f	0.37 (0.34,0.41)^f	0.0000
Lead	Adjusted	0.66 (0.64,0.68)	0.61 (0.58,0.63)^d	0.67 (0.64,0.70)	0.68 (0.62,0.73)	0.73 (0.69,0.78)^f	0.0001
Lead	Unadjusted	0.67 (0.65,0.70)	0.58 (0.55,0.60)^f	0.69 (0.64,0.75)	0.74 (0.66,0.82)	0.82 (0.76,0.89)^f	0.0000
Mercury	Adjusted	0.65 (0.60,0.71)	0.75 (0.66,0.85)^d	0.60 (0.53,0.67)	0.62 (0.46,0.77)	0.57 (0.51,0.63)^e	0.0053
Mercury	Unadjusted	0.64 (0.57,0.72)	0.67 (0.57,0.78)	0.59 (0.47,0.71)	0.77 (0.56,0.98)	0.58 (0.48,0.67)
Antimony	Adjusted	0.11 (0.10,0.12)	0.11 (0.10,0.11)	0.11 (0.10,0.12)	0.11 (0.10,0.12)	0.11 (0.10,0.12)
Antimony	Unadjusted	0.11 (0.11,0.12)	0.10 (0.10,0.11)^e	0.11 (0.11,0.12)	0.12 (0.11,0.13)	0.13 (0.12,0.14)^f	0.0000
Barium	Adjusted	1.43 (1.36,1.50)	1.42 (1.34,1.50)	1.43 (1.32,1.55)	1.47 (1.30,1.63)	1.42 (1.31,1.54)
Barium	Unadjusted	1.47 (1.39,1.55)	1.34 (1.26,1.43)	1.50 (1.36,1.64)	1.60 (1.39,1.81)	1.60 (1.44,1.75)^e	0.0019
Beryllium	Adjusted	0.09 (0.08,0.09)	0.09 (0.09,0.10)^e	0.08 (0.08,0.09)	0.08 (0.07,0.09)	0.08 (0.07,0.08)^f	0.0000
Beryllium	Unadjusted	0.09 (0.09,0.09)	0.09 (0.09,0.09)	0.09 (0.09,0.09)	0.09 (0.09,0.09)	0.09 (0.09,0.09)
Cesium	Adjusted	4.47 (4.35,4.59)	4.86 (4.67,5.05)^e	4.42 (4.25,4.59)^d	4.07 (3.85,4.28)	4.08 (3.93,4.24)^f	0.0000
Cesium	Unadjusted	4.57 (4.37,4.77)	4.60 (4.34,4.87)	4.60 (4.25,4.95)	4.45 (4.07,4.82)	4.57 (4.28,4.87)
Cobalt	Adjusted	0.34 (0.33,0.35)	0.35 (0.33,0.37)	0.34 (0.32,0.35)	0.35 (0.33,0.38)^e	0.32 (0.29,0.34)^d	0.0063
Cobalt	Unadjusted	0.35 (0.33,0.37)	0.33 (0.31,0.35)	0.35 (0.32,0.38)	0.39 (0.35,0.42)	0.35 (0.32,0.38)	0.0246
Molybdenum	Adjusted	41.69(40.19,43.18)	46.33(44.20,48.47)	42.79(40.29,45.29)	41.89(38.86,44.93)^d	32.67(30.77,34.56)^d	0.0000
Molybdenum	Unadjusted	42.71(40.66,44.76)	43.92(41.35,46.49)	44.63(40.48,48.78)	45.83(40.94,50.72)^d	36.53(33.25,39.81)^d	0.0032
Platinum	Adjusted	0.03 (0.03,0.04)	0.04 (0.04,0.04)	0.03 (0.03,0.04)	0.03 (0.03,0.03)	0.03 (0.03,0.03)^e	0.0027
Platinum	Unadjusted	0.04 (0.03,0.04)	0.04 (0.03,0.04)	0.04 (0.03,0.04)	0.04 (0.03,0.04)	0.04 (0.03,0.04)
Thallium	Adjusted	0.16 (0.16,0.16)	0.17 (0.16,0.17)	0.16 (0.16,0.17)	0.16 (0.15,0.17)^f	0.14 (0.13,0.14)^f	0.0000
Thallium	Unadjusted	0.16 (0.16,0.17)	0.16 (0.15,0.17)	0.17 (0.16,0.18)	0.17 (0.16,0.19)	0.15 (0.14,0.16)
Tungsten	Adjusted	0.08 (0.07,0.08)	0.08 (0.07,0.08)	0.08 (0.07,0.08)	0.08 (0.07,0.09)	0.07 (0.06,0.08)
Tungsten	Unadjusted	0.08 (0.07,0.08)	0.07 (0.07,0.08)	0.08 (0.07,0.09)	0.09 (0.08,0.10)	0.08 (0.07,0.09)	0.0240

^{^a}

A statistically significant difference in log transformed mean levels between the exposure groups (nonsmoker, nonsmoker_low, nonsmoker_high, smoker) determined by linear regression.

^{^b}

Units are μg/g creatinine.

^{^c}

Units are μg/L.

For statistical analysis of differences in mean urine metal levels the following t-tests comparisons were performed: nonsmokers and nonsmokers_low; nonsmokers_low and nonsmokers_high; nonsmokers_high and smokers; smokers and nonsmokers;

^{^d}

p-value less than 0.05;

^{^e}

p-value less than 0.01;

^{^f}

p-value less than 0.001.