Table 4.
Heavy Metal | Creatinine Adjustment | Overall Geometric Mean Pb level | Nonsmokers | Smokers | P-valuea | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Geometric Mean Pb level without SHS | Geometric Mean Pb level with Low SHS | Geometric Mean Pb level with High SHS | Geometric Mean Pb level | ||||
AGE (years) | |||||||
2:[6–12)b | Adjustedc | 0.97 (0.90,1.03) | 0.85 (0.77,0.93) | 0.89(0.80,0.99)g | 1.17(1.03,1.30)h | n/ad | 0.0005 |
Unadjustede | 0.87 (0.79,0.94) | 0.78 (0.69,0.87) | 0.79 (0.67,0.91) | 1.04(0.87,1.20)f | n/a | 0.0153 | |
3:[12–19) | Adjusted | 0.43 (0.41,0.44) | 0.39(0.36,0.42)f | 0.48 (0.43,0.53) | 0.44 (0.39,0.49) | 0.42 (0.38,0.46) | 0.0390 |
Unadjusted | 0.59 (0.55,0.62) | 0.49(0.45,0.54)g | 0.67 (0.58,0.77) | 0.66 (0.58,0.75) | 0.63(0.53,0.73)f | 0.0008 | |
4:[19–35) | Adjusted | 0.48 (0.45,0.51) | 0.42 (0.38,0.46) | 0.48 (0.43,0.52) | 0.47 (0.40,0.53) | 0.56(0.50,0.61)h | 0.0005 |
Unadjusted | 0.61 (0.56,0.65) | 0.48 (0.42,0.54) | 0.59 (0.52,0.67) | 0.66 (0.52,0.79) | 0.76(0.65,0.87)h | 0.0001 | |
5:[ 35–50) | Adjusted | 0.65 (0.61,0.69) | 0.56 (0.51,0.61) | 0.59 (0.53,0.65) | 0.64(0.54,0.74)g | 0.84(0.75,0.94)h | 0.0000 |
Unadjusted | 0.66 (0.61,0.71) | 0.55 (0.50,0.60) | 0.64 (0.52,0.77) | 0.65 (0.52,0.79) | 0.84(0.75,0.93)h | 0.0000 | |
6:[50–65) | Adjusted | 0.80 (0.75,0.85) | 0.72 (0.67,0.78) | 0.83 (0.75,0.91) | 0.81 (0.67,0.95) | 0.96(0.85,1.08)h | 0.0002 |
Unadjusted | 0.71 (0.64,0.78) | 0.62 (0.55,0.68) | 0.74 (0.64,0.85) | 0.67 (0.42,0.92) | 0.94(0.78,1.10)h | 0.0001 | |
7:[65+) | Adjusted | 0.91 (0.87,0.95) | 0.88 (0.83,0.93) | 0.92 (0.84,1.00) | 0.99 (0.80,1.18) | 1.11(0.96,1.26)f | 0.0318 |
Unadjusted | 0.72 (0.66,0.77) | 0.64(0.59,0.70)f | 0.81 (0.70,0.92) | 0.79 (0.62,0.97) | 0.98(0.82,1.15)h | 0.0008 | |
RACE/ETHNICITY | |||||||
Non-Hispanic White | Adjusted | 0.64 (0.62,0.66) | 0.59(0.56,0.63)f | 0.66 (0.62,0.69) | 0.63 (0.57,0.70) | 0.71(0.66,0.76)g | 0.0011 |
Unadjusted | 0.61 (0.58,0.64) | 0.54(0.51,0.57)f | 0.64 (0.58,0.70) | 0.65 (0.55,0.74) | 0.72(0.65,0.78)h | 0.0001 | |
Non-Hispanic Black | Adjusted | 0.66 (0.61,0.71) | 0.55 (0.50,0.59) | 0.59(0.54,0.64)h | 0.73 (0.64,0.82) | 0.82(0.71,0.92)h | 0.0000 |
Unadjusted | 0.96 (0.89,1.03)k | 0.76 (0.69,0.83)k | 0.83(0.72,0.94)f,j | 1.04(0.92,1.16)f,k | 1.34(1.19,1.50)h,k | 0.0000 | |
Mexican American | Adjusted | 0.81 (0.77,0.86)k | 0.79 (0.75,0.83)k | 0.83 (0.76,0.91)k | 0.79 (0.64,0.93) | 0.89 (0.75,1.03)i | |
Unadjusted | 0.87 (0.81,0.92)k | 0.79 (0.72,0.85)k | 0.94 (0.82,1.06)k | 0.87 (0.76,0.97)j | 1.13(0.95,1.30)h,k | 0.0002 | |
GENDER | |||||||
Male | Adjusted | 0.65 (0.62,0.67) | 0.56(0.53,0.59)h | 0.70 (0.65,0.76) | 0.67 (0.59,0.74) | 0.73(0.68,0.77)h | 0.0000 |
Unadjusted | 0.80 (0.76,0.84) | 0.69(0.64,0.73)h | 0.87 (0.78,0.96) | 0.78 (0.65,0.92) | 0.95(0.86,1.04)h | 0.0000 | |
Female | Adjusted | 0.67 (0.64,0.69) | 0.65 (0.61,0.68)k | 0.63 (0.60,0.67)i | 0.69 (0.62,0.75) | 0.74 (0.67,0.82) | 0.0494 |
Unadjusted | 0.58 (0.55,0.60)k | 0.51 (0.48,0.54)k | 0.56(0.50,0.61)f,k | 0.70 (0.61,0.79) | 0.70(0.62,0.77)h,k | 0.0000 | |
POVERTY INDEX | |||||||
Below poverty index | Adjusted | 0.74 (0.68,0.79) | 0.70 (0.62,0.78) | 0.70 (0.61,0.78) | 0.81 (0.69,0.94) | 0.73 (0.64,0.83) | |
Unadjusted | 0.84 (0.78,0.91) | 0.68 (0.59,0.77) | 0.83 (0.72,0.95) | 0.95 (0.81,1.09) | 0.93(0.80,1.07)f | 0.0015 | |
Above poverty index | Adjusted | 0.63 (0.61,0.65) | 0.59(0.56,0.62)f | 0.65 (0.61,0.68) | 0.64 (0.58,0.69) | 0.72(0.66,0.77)h | 0.0007 |
Unadjusted | 0.63 (0.61,0.66) | 0.56(0.53,0.59)g | 0.65 (0.60,0.71) | 0.68(0.60,0.77)f | 0.78(0.70,0.86)h | 0.0000 |
A statistically significant difference in log transformed mean levels between the exposure groups (nonsmoker, nonsmokerlow, nonsmokerhigh, smoker) determined by linear regression.
For age categories, a square bracket indicates inclusion of the interval end point, and a parenthesis indicates exclusion.
Units are μg/g creatinine.
Not applicable.
Units are μg/L.
For statistical analysis of differences in mean urine metal levels the following t-tests comparisons were performed: nonsmokers and nonsmokerslow; nonsmokerslow and nonsmokershigh; nonsmokershigh and smokers; smokers and nonsmokers; and nonsmoker vs. nonsmokerhigh for children aged 6–11 years.
p-value less than 0.05;
p-value less than 0.01;
p-value less than 0.001. For statistical analysis of differences in mean urine lead levels across group comparisons, the following t-test comparisons were performed: non-Hispanic black versus non-Hispanic white, Mexican American versus non-Hispanic white, and female versus male.
p-value less than 0.05;
p-value less than 0.01;
p-value less than 0.001.