Figure 4.

Ceramides cause insulin resistance, acetylcholine deficits, energy depletion, and oxidative stress. Cultured CNS neuronal cells were exposed to vehicle (Veh), C2 or C6 cytotoxic ceramides (50 mM), or C2D inactive ceramide for 24 hours. Gene expression was measured by qRT-PCR with results normalized to 18S rRNA. As indices of oxidative stress, (E) 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and (F) ubiquitin immunoreactivity were measured by ELISA [96].