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Pro-ceramide gene expression in human controls and chronic alcoholic brains as measured by qRT-PCR analysis. RNA was isolated from frontal lobes of postmortem brains and used to measure (A) ceramide synthase 2 (CER2), (B) SPTLC2, and (C) Sphingomyelinase 3 (SMPD3). Results were normalize to 18S rRNA. Significant P-values are shown over the bars. CER2 and SPTLC2 generate ceramide via a biosynthetic pathway. SPMD3 produces ceramides and other toxic lipids via a degradation pathway [35].
