Figure 4. L. paracasei induces increased levels of TGF-β and TSLP.

Caco-2 cells were grown as monolayers in the upper chamber of a transwell filter and incubated with live bacteria (5×10⁷ CFU/TW) upon the apical surface (top chamber). One hour after incubation, bacteria were washed out and medium was changed with one containing antibiotics. Culture supernatants were collected 3, 5, 23 and 47 hours later from the bottom chamber and tested for cytokine release. Error bars: standard deviations on values obtained in 2 different experiments. *, p<0.05; **, p<0.01.