Table 4.
Odds Ratios of Physicians Choosing Particular County Characteristics When Relocating
| White Physicians | Black Physicians | Hispanic Physicians | Asian Physicians | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Specialist physician | 0.99 | —† | 1.82 | 0.86 |
| (−0.03) | (0.41) | (−0.24) | ||
| January temperature | 1.13 | 1.13 | 1.17 | 1.24 |
| (25.14)** | (6.23)** | (7.93)** | (24.66)** | |
| July temperature | 0.98 | 0.96 | 0.97 | 1.04 |
| (−5.72)** | (−2.30)* | (−2.37)* | (6.16)** | |
| January precipitation | 0.92 | 0.84 | 0.81 | 0.90 |
| (−6.34)** | (−2.75)** | (−3.82)** | (−4.03)** | |
| July precipitation | 3.11 | 0.98 | 25.93 | 53.05 |
| (3.58)** | (−0.01) | (2.56)** | (6.55)** | |
| Per capita income (US) | 1.17 | 1.23 | 1.42 | 1.23 |
| (1.75) | (0.49) | (1.04) | (1.27) | |
| HMO penetration (US) | 2.99 | 2.59 | 3.63 | 3.52 |
| (32.18)** | (5.08)** | (8.70)** | (19.10)** | |
| Proportion of population Medi-Cal eligible | 1.18 | 40.18 | 42.49 | 19.10 |
| (0.37) | (2.22)* | (2.62)** | (4.83)** | |
| Proportion of population aged 65+ | 3.35 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| (1.18) | (−1.98)* | (−1.91) | (−6.45)** | |
| Specialists/100,000 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| (−0.47) | (0.92) | (−0.04) | (−0.93) | |
| Generalists/100,000 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 1.01 |
| (10.32)** | (0.53) | (2.25)* | (4.65)** | |
| Hospital beds/100,000 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| (−9.25) | (0.54) | (−1.36) | (−3.31)** | |
| Proportion of population who are white | 0.38 | — | — | — |
| (−4.98)** | ||||
| Proportion of population who are black | — | 157.16 | — | — |
| (2.38)* | ||||
| Proportion of population who are Hispanic | — | — | 1.70 | — |
| (0.51) | ||||
| Proportion of population who are Asian | — | — | — | 150.20 |
| (9.07)** | ||||
| One standard deviation‡,§ or higher in racial/ethnic physician representation (corresponding to the physician's race) | 0.64 | 0.77 | 0.23 | 0.29 |
| (−9.51)** | (−1.46) | (−7.76)** | (−16.93)** | |
| One standard deviation‡,§ or lower in racial/ethnic physician representation (corresponding to the physician's race) | 1.38 | 1.16 | 0.52 | 0.47 |
| (7.67)** | (0.64) | (−2.77)** | (−9.54)** | |
| Observations | 336,471 | 16,017 | 27,759 | 131,157 |
z-Statistics are given in parentheses.
†
Variable automatically dropped by Stata due to no within-group variance.
‡
Standard deviations for each group relative to their current location are as follows: blacks, SD: 0.05; Hispanics, SD: 0.18–0.19; Asians, SD: 0.12–0.14; whites, SD: 0.14–0.16.
§
Measured as a greater than a one-standard deviation (SD) reduction relative to their current location (see SDs above).
**
Significant at 1%.
*
Significant at 5%.