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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Anal Bioanal Chem. 2009 Mar 17;394(1):187–198. doi: 10.1007/s00216-009-2656-5

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4

Various design features to prevent electrolysis bubbles from interfering with the separation. (a) Micro channel arrays. Reprinted in part with permission from Raymond et al. (1994) Anal. Chem. Copyright 1994 American Chemical Society. (b) Deep-etched electrode channels. (c) Ion-permeable membranes with open-air electrodes. (d) Electrostatic induction of charge