Table 1.

Study characteristics and mean effect sizes (Hedges’ g)

Study	Procedure	Methoda/Timingb of Hypnosis Intervention	Intervention Labelc	Type of Control Conditiond	n	Children vs. Adultse	ES (g)
Ashton et al. 1995	Coronary artery bypass	Live/Pre	Hypnosis	Standard care	22	Adults	0.46
Blankfield et al. 1995	Coronary artery bypass	Recorded/During	Suggestion	Attention control	63	Adults	0.16
Block et al. 1991	Mixed surgery	Recorded/During	Suggestion	Attention control	199	Adults	0.04
Butler et al. 2005	Voiding cystourethrography	Live/Pre and During	Hypnosis	Standard care	44	Children	0.44
Calipel et al. 2005	Lower abdominal surgery	Live/Pre	Hypnosis	Standard care	50	Children	0.65
Cruise et al. 1997	Cataract surgery	Recorded/During	Suggestion	Attention control	60	Adults	0.30
	Cataract surgery	Recorded/During	Suggestion	Attention control	59	Adults	0.17
de Klerk et al. 2004	Coronary artery bypass	Live/Pre	Hypnosis	Standard care	50	Adults	0.93
Faymonville et al. 1997	Plastic surgery	Live/During	Suggestion	Standard care	56	Adults	0.05
Goldmann et al. 1988	Gynecologic surgery	Live/Pre	Hypnosis	Standard care	52	Adults	0.92
Harandi et al. 2004	Physiotherapy with burn patients	Live/Pre	Hypnosis	Standard care	44	Adults and Children	2.38
Katcher et al. 1984	Oral surgery	Live/Pre	Hypnosis	Attention control	32	Adults	0.68
Lang et al. 2000	Interventional radiology	Live/During	Hypnosis	Standard care	161	Adults	0.37
	Interventional radiology	Live/During	Hypnosis	Attention control	162	Adults	0.24
Lang et al. 2006	Large core breast biopsy	Live/During	Hypnosis	Standard care	154	Adults	0.37
	Large core breast biopsy	Live/During	Hypnosis	Attention control	160	Adults	0.19
Liossi and Hatira 1999	Bone marrow aspirations	Live/Pre and During	Hypnosis	Standard care	20	Children	1.29
Liossi and Hatira 2003	Lumbar puncture	Live/Pre and During	Hypnosis (Direct)	Standard care	40	Children	2.64
	Lumbar puncture	Live/Pre and During	Hypnosis (Direct)	Attention control	40	Children	2.11
	Lumbar puncture	Live/Pre and During	Hypnosis (Indirect)	Standard care	40	Children	2.66
	Lumbar puncture	Live/Pre and During	Hypnosis (Indirect)	Attention control	40	Children	2.12
Liossi et al. 2006	Lumbar puncture	Live Pre and During	Hypnosis	Attention control	30	Children	3.14
	Lumbar puncture	Live/Pre and During	Hypnosis	Standard care	30	Children	3.16
Liu et al. 1992	Total abdominal hysterectomy	Recorded/During	Suggestion	Attention control	49	Adults	0
	Total abdominal hysterectomy	Recorded/During	Suggestion	Attention control	50	Adults	0
Marc et al. 2007	Surgical abortion	Live/Pre and During	Hypnosis	Standard care	29	Adults	0.17
Massarini et al. 2005	Mixed surgery	Live/Pre	Hypnosis	Standard care	42	Adults and Children	0.69
Montgomery et al. 2002	Excisional breast biopsy	Live/Pre	Hypnosis	Standard care	20	Adults	1.25
Montgomery et al. 2007	Breast conserving surgery	Live/Pre	Hypnosis	Attention control	200	Adults	1.11
Saadat et al. 2006	Ambulatory surgery	Live/Pre	Hypnosis	Standard care	50	Adults	2.33
	Ambulatory surgery	Live/Pre	Hypnosis	Attention control	52	Adults	1.69
Schnur et al. 2008a	Excisional breast biopsy	Live/Pre	Hypnosis	Attention control	90	Adults	0.79
Stalpers et al. 2005	Mixed cancer radiotherapy	Live/Pre and During	Hypnosis	Standard care	69	Adults	0
van der Laan et al. 1996	Hysterectomy, myomectomy, or GYN laparotomy	Recorded/Pre	Suggestion	Attention control	40	Adults	0.52
Wood et al. 1990	Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy	Recorded/During	Suggestion	Attention control	49	Children	0.12
	Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy	Recorded/During	Suggestion	Attention control	50	Children	0.36

^aNote: ‘live’ was defined as an intervention with a live, in-person component, ‘recorded’ was defined as an intervention with no live, in-person component;

^b‘pre’ was defined as an intervention delivered prior to a medical procedure, ‘during’ was defined as an intervention delivered during the medical procedure with no pre-procedure delivery, and interventions which incorporated both delivery approaches were labeled ‘pre and during’;

^c‘hypnosis’ was defined as the authors using the actual word hypnosis, as well as its derivatives (e.g. hypnotherapeutic ego strengthening), to describe the intervention whereas suggestion was defined as the authors using any derivative of the term suggestion (e.g. therapeutic suggestions);

^d‘attention control’ was defined as any control condition other than standard care (e.g. blank tape, white noise);

^eChild was defined as <age 18.