Table 2.
Effect sizes and significance tests for moderation effects
| Moderator of interest | neffects | Mean (SD) ES by class | Test statistic | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child vs. adulta | Child = 11 | Child = 1.70 (1.16) | F (1,33) = 14.62 | 0.0006 |
| Adult = 23 | Adult = .55 (.60) | |||
| Sample size (continuous) | 32 | r = −.34 | 0.0438 | |
| Control condition (standard care vs. attention control)b | Standard Care = 18 | Standard Care = 1.15 (1.02) | F (1,35) = 1.46 | 0.2352 |
| Attention Control = 18 | Attention Control = 0.76 (0.91) | |||
| Label (hypnosis vs. suggestions)c | Hypnosis = 26 | Hypnosis = 1.26 (0.99) | F (1,35) = 11.79 | 0.0016 |
| Suggestion = 10 | Suggestion = 0.17 (0.17) | |||
| Method of hypnosis delivery (live vs. recorded)d | Live = 27 | Live = 1.22 (1.0) | F (1,35) = 9.34 | 0.0043 |
| Recorded = 9 | Recorded = 0.19 (0.18) | |||
| Hypnosis administration time (pre vs. during vs. pre and during)e | Pre = 13 | Pref = 1.11 (0.64) | F (1,35) = 13.17 | <0.0001 |
| During = 13 | During = 0.18 (0.14) | |||
| Pre and During = 10 | Pre and During = 1.77 (1.22) | |||
| Imputationg | Imputed = 14 | Imputed = 0.61 (.70) | F (1,35) = 3.09 | 0.0878 |
| Not imputed = 22 | Not imputed = 1.18 (1.07) |
Note: Child was defined as <age 18;
‘attention control’ was defined as any control condition other than standard care (e.g. blank tape, white noise);
‘hypnosis’ was defined as the actual word hypnosis, as well as its derivatives (e.g. hypnotherapeutic ego strengthening), whereas suggestion was defined as any derivative of the term suggestion (e.g. therapeutic suggestions);
‘live’ was defined as an intervention with a live, in-person component, ‘recorded’ was defined as an intervention with no live, in-person component;
‘pre’ was defined as an intervention delivered prior to a medical procedure, ‘during’ was defined as an intervention delivered during the medical procedure with no pre-procedure delivery, and interventions which incorporated both delivery approaches were labeled ‘pre and during’;
Tukey post-hoc tests revealed that mean During effect size was significantly lower than mean effect sizes for Pre or Pre and During (p < 0.05). No other comparisons were significantly different (p > 0.05);
‘Imputed’ indicates a paper where means and standard deviations were not provided in text or table format, and where effect sizes had to be derived (based on Smith et al., 1980).