Table 1.
Small GTPases | Enzymes | Signaling lipids | Lipid-binding proteins | Effect on small GTPases | Cellular stimulation | Biological functions | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ras | PLD2 | PA | Sos | Activation | EGF | Transformation of NIH3T3 cells | [17] |
DAG | RasGRP1 | Activation | Anti-CD28 & LFA-1 | T cell activation | [16] | ||
DAGα | DAG | RasGRP1 | Inhibition | Anti-CD3 & anti-CD28 | T cell activation | [27] | |
RasGRP1 | Inhibition | Anti-CD3 & anti-CD28, PMA | T cell anergy | [34] | |||
DGKζ | DAG | RasGRP1 | Inhibition | Anti-CD3 | T cell activation | [29] | |
Not examined | Inhibition | Anti-CD3 | T cell activation, proliferation | [33] | |||
Not examined | Inhibition | IgE/DNP-HSA | Mast cell degranulation, cytokine production | [32] | |||
DGKα & DGKζ | DAG & PA | Not examined | Inhibition | Whole animal | T cell maturation | [30] | |
DGKι | RasGRP3 | Activation | Thrombin, PMA | Tumor formation | [35] | ||
Rac1 | PLD1 & PLD2 | PA | Rac1 | Membrane targeting | Integrin | Cell spreading and migration | [39] |
DGKα | ? | Not examined | Activation | HGF | Cell scatter, migration, spreading, lamellipodia formation and membrane ruffling | [40] | |
DGKγ | PA | β2-chimaerin | Inhibition | EGF | Lamellipodia formation and membrane ruffling | [42, 43] | |
DGKζ* | N/A | N/A | Activation | Neurite outgrowth | [44] | ||
Arf1 | ? | PA | AGAP1 | Inhibition | [47] | ||
Arf1 & Arf5 | ? | PA | ASAP1 | Inhibition | [45, 46] | ||
Arf6 | ? | PA | ACAPs | Inhibition | [48] | ||
PA | Arf6 | Membrane targeting | [49] |
LFA-1, Lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1; Arf, ADP-ribosylation factor; PMA, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA).
DGKζ binds directly to Rac1 and recruits to membranes.