Table 1.

Small GTPases regulated by PLD and DGK signaling

Small GTPases	Enzymes	Signaling lipids	Lipid-binding proteins	Effect on small GTPases	Cellular stimulation	Biological functions	Refs
Ras	PLD2	PA	Sos	Activation	EGF	Transformation of NIH3T3 cells	[17]
		DAG	RasGRP1	Activation	Anti-CD28 & LFA-1	T cell activation	[16]
	DAGα	DAG	RasGRP1	Inhibition	Anti-CD3 & anti-CD28	T cell activation	[27]
			RasGRP1	Inhibition	Anti-CD3 & anti-CD28, PMA	T cell anergy	[34]
	DGKζ	DAG	RasGRP1	Inhibition	Anti-CD3	T cell activation	[29]
			Not examined	Inhibition	Anti-CD3	T cell activation, proliferation	[33]
			Not examined	Inhibition	IgE/DNP-HSA	Mast cell degranulation, cytokine production	[32]
	DGKα & DGKζ	DAG & PA	Not examined	Inhibition	Whole animal	T cell maturation	[30]
	DGKι		RasGRP3	Activation	Thrombin, PMA	Tumor formation	[35]
Rac1	PLD1 & PLD2	PA	Rac1	Membrane targeting	Integrin	Cell spreading and migration	[39]
	DGKα	?	Not examined	Activation	HGF	Cell scatter, migration, spreading, lamellipodia formation and membrane ruffling	[40]
	DGKγ	PA	β2-chimaerin	Inhibition	EGF	Lamellipodia formation and membrane ruffling	[42, 43]
	DGKζ*	N/A	N/A	Activation		Neurite outgrowth	[44]
Arf1	?	PA	AGAP1	Inhibition			[47]
Arf1 & Arf5	?	PA	ASAP1	Inhibition			[45, 46]
Arf6	?	PA	ACAPs	Inhibition			[48]
		PA	Arf6	Membrane targeting			[49]

LFA-1, Lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1; Arf, ADP-ribosylation factor; PMA, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA).

^*DGKζ binds directly to Rac1 and recruits to membranes.