Table 1. Accelerated Human Evolution of Putative cis-Regulatory Elements Near Differentially Expressed Genes.

Throughout the genome, 10% of genes nearest to conserved non-coding sequences (CNSs) are near those displaying evidence of accelerated evolution in the human lineage (haCNSs). Genes differentially expressed either within the NCTX or throughout the brain are significantly more likely to be near haCNSs (17% and 16%, respectively). In contrast, genes that are highly expressed without spatial specificity show a slight but significant decrease in association with haCNSs (~7–8%). This trend is preserved when excluding genes that are also near chimpanzee-accelerated elements (caCNSs). P-values represent significance by the hypergeometric distribution of the difference between the observed rate of haCNSs and the rate among all CNS-associated human gene (10%).

	Nearest to CNSs	Nearest to haCNSs			Nearest to haCNSs but not caCNSs
	#	#	%	p-value	#	%	p-value
All human genes	6921	694	10.0%		425	6.1%
Regionally DEX genes	1263	203	16.1%	2.5E-14	101	8.0%	6.2E-04
Highly expressed, not DEX	1033	70	6.8%	2.1E-05	51	4.9%	0.012
Intra-NCTX DEX genes	1045	181	17.3%	7.1E-16	85	8.1%	9.8E-04
Intra-NCTX high, not DEX	985	81	8.2%	0.006	51	5.2%	0.023