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Atrophy and growth-related genes. The mRNA expression of atrophy-related ubiquitin ligases MuRF1 and MAFbx is downregulated 50% during the profound hypertrophy of mechanical overload (n = 13, P < 0.05), as is the related transcription factor FOXO1 (*P = 0.025), which promotes MAFbx. Insulin-like growth factor mRNA is also increased 400% as part of the increase in plantaris mass (P = 0.011). Data are means ± SE; expression was normalized to ribosomal 18s.
