Table II.

Earliest childhood risk factor measurements (mean ± SD) and risk factor loads for Muscatine Study Longitudinal Adult Cohort members, by metabolic syndrome classification

		Complete Cohort (N = 858)			Age 40 Subset (N = 730)
Measurement		MetS-N = 575	MetS+ N = 283	p-value	MetS-N = 536	MetS+ N = 194	p-value
Earliest School Survey
Age	years	12.3 ± 2.6	12.5 ± 2.7	> 0.20	12.2 ± 2.5	12.0 ± 2.6	> 0.40
BMI	Percentile (%)	52.9 ± 25.2	67.6 ± 24.9	< 0.0001	53.6 ± 25.4	71.3 ± 24.2	< 0.0001
	Z-score	-0.19 ± 0.74	0.32 ± 1.02	< 0.0001	-0.17 ± 0.77	0.47 ± 1.07	< 0.0001
SBP	Percentile (%)	64.6 ± 27.8	72.2 ± 26.5	< 0.0001	65.5 ± 27.5	73.5 ± 26.8	< 0.0005
	Z-score	-0.09 ± 0.96	0.22 ± 1.01	< 0.0001	-0.06 ± 0.97	0.30 ± 1.05	< 0.0001
DBP	Percentile (%)	60.2 ± 26.3	65.2 ± 25.3	< 0.01	59.9 ± 26.5	65.6 ± 25.5	< 0.01
	Z-score	-0.09 ± 1.00	0.11 ± 0.97	< 0.01	-0.09 ± 1.00	0.16 ± 1.01	< 0.005
CHOL	Z-score	-0.01 ± 0.95	0.00 ± 1.00	> 0.80	-0.04 ± 0.92	0.05 ± 1.03	> 0.30
TRIG	Z-score	-0.06 ± 0.88	0.28 ± 1.07	< 0.0001	-0.04 ± 0.88	0.39 ± 1.15	< 0.0001
Age	years	13.8 ± 1.9	13.9 ± 2.0	> 0.50	13.8 ± 1.7	13.5 ± 2.0	< 0.10
BMI	Percentile (%)	54.2 ± 23.1	68.6 ± 23.2	< 0.0001	54.7 ± 23.2	72.6 ± 22.5	< 0.0001
	Z-score	-0.18 ± 0.70	0.37 ± 1.02	< 0.0001	-0.17 ± 0.72	0.54 ± 1.06	< 0.0001
SBP	Percentile (%)	61.0 ± 24.1	69.7 ± 23.1	< 0.0001	61.8 ± 23.7	70.8 ± 23.6	< 0.0001
	Z-score	-0.10 ± 0.80	0.21 ± 0.85	< 0.0001	-0.07 ± 0.80	0.28 ± 0.88	< 0.0001
DBP	Percentile (%)	58.7 ± 21.6	64.0 ± 21.7	< 0.001	58.7 ± 21.7	63.8 ± 21.1	< 0.005
	Z-score	-0.07 ± 0.84	0.13 ± 0.82	< 0.0025	-0.05 ± 0.84	0.16 ± 0.83	< 0.005
CHOL	Z-score	-0.01 ± 0.89	-0.01 ± 0.93	> 0.90	-0.04 ± 0.86	0.04 ± 0.95	> 0.20
TRIG	Z-score	-0.09 ± 0.71	0.20 ± 0.92	< 0.0001	-0.10 ± 0.70	0.33 ± 0.99	< 0.0001

SD = standard deviation

Complete Cohort Analysis - includes all 858 Cohort members without type 1 diabetes

Age 40 Analysis - includes 712 Cohort members without type 1 diabetes who had a Muscatine Study examination at age 40 ± 2 years + 18 Cohort members without type 1 diabetes who were classified with MetS before 40 years of age

MetS = metabolic syndrome absent (-) or present (+)

Z-scores are age-sex-survey-specific from the Muscatine Study school surveys conducted between 1970 and 1981

BMI = body mass index (kg/m²)

BMI percentiles - based on the 2000 CDC Growth Charts²⁷

SBP & DBP percentiles - based on the Fourth Task Force Report (age-height-gender-specific)²⁶

Risk factor load = mean school survey Z-score or percentile weighted by the time between measurements

See Table I for additional definitions