Fig. 1.

Schematic of the classic model and a potential new model of membrane repair. A: in the classic model of plasma membrane repair, membrane injury leads to Ca²⁺ influx, which induces exocytic and endocytic repair pathways. In the exocytic pathway, lysosomes contribute membrane to patch the injury site. In the endocytic pathway, vesicles bud and remove the wound site from the plasma membrane. B: in the theorized new model, the exocytic repair pathway remains intact but the endocytic repair pathway takes a more prevalent role. In this model, injury-induced Ca²⁺ influx is sensed by myoferlin localized at the plasma membrane in caveolae and initiates dynamin-dependent endocytosis. The budded caveolae, due to their close proximity to the plasma membrane, may then patch the injured area, possibly by entering into an exocytic repair mode.