Table 1.

Characteristics of the whole cohort, those who did not have diabetes distress at any point during the study and those who developed diabetes distress during the study

	All Cases (N=332)	− DD (N=275)	+ DD (N=57) Mean±SD
Age (years)	58.1±9.87	59.0±9.38	53.4±10.88^‡
Education (years)	14.7±3.33	14.9±3.28	13.7±3.43^*
Male n (%)	154 (46.4)	140 (50.9)	14 (24.6)^‡
White ethnicity n (%)	132 (39.8)	109 (39.6)	23 (40.4)
Time since diagnosis (years)	7.5±6.73	7.6±6.88	6.9±5.94
Previous MDD	0.10±0.30	0.07±0.26	0.22±0.42^‡
No. of negative life events	3.3±2.75	3.0±2.53	4.6±3.36^‡
No. of chronic stressors	4.9±3.65	4.4±3.51	6.8±3.70^‡
HbA_1c (%)	7.2±1.44	7.2±1.44	7.3±1.42
No. of comorbidities	3.7±2.40	3.6±2.30	4.1±2.81
No. of diabetes complications	0.7±1.11	0.6±1.05	1.1±1.30^†
BMI (kg/m²)	32.2±7.33	31.8±7.41	34.1±6.66^*
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	80±10	80±10	81±11
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	131±17	131±18	130±15
Non HDL cholesterol (mmo/l)	3.4±1.20	3.5±1.16	3.8±1.39
Diet adherence (days in last week)	4.4±1.45	4.5±1.42	4.0±1.53^*
Exercise adherence (days in last week)	3.4±2.35	3.6±2.35	2.4±2.15^‡

p<.⁻05;

^†

p<.01;

^‡

p<.001

Mean±SD or n (%)

−DD = group of patients with low diabetes distress at all 3 time points.

+DD= group of patients with low diabetes distress at initial assessment who display high diabetes distress 9 or 18 months later.