Table 1.
Sample Characteristics and Baseline, Post-Intervention, and 1-Year Outcome Data, by Study Arm
| Baseline | Post-Intervention | 1-Year Follow-Up | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Program (n = 252) |
Control (n = 339) |
Program (n = 244) |
Control (n = 338) |
Program (n = 205) |
Control (n = 327) |
||||
| Girls | Mean (SD) |
Mean (SD) |
t or X2 | Mean (SD) |
Mean (SD) |
Wald X2c | Mean (SD) |
Mean (SD) |
Wald X2c |
| Age in years | 12.64 (0.91) |
12.75 (1.20) |
1.22 | ||||||
| Ethnicity/Race | |||||||||
| Black | 38.9% | 56.3% | |||||||
| White | 38.9% | 17.1% | 40.27**** | ||||||
| Latina | 22.2% | 26.5% | |||||||
| Lifetime use | |||||||||
| Cigarettes | 4.8% | 3.9% | 0.27 | ||||||
| Alcohol | 34.3% | 34.2% | 0.0001 | ||||||
| Marijuana | 1.6% | 3.6% | 2.17 | ||||||
| Prescriptions | 15.5% | 11.1% | 2.45 | ||||||
| Outcomes | |||||||||
| Communication | 3.00 (1.07) |
2.79 (1.21) |
-2.25* | 3.16 (0.99) |
2.70 (1.19) |
3.76* | 3.12 (1.06) |
2.59 (1.17) |
9.80** |
| Family rules | 1.52 (0.73) |
1.44 (0.68) |
-1.33 | 1.87 (0.36) |
1.55 (0.65) |
11.00*** | 1.80 (0.45) |
1.51 (0.68) |
4.55* |
| Monitoring | 3.50 (0.79) |
3.52 (0.87) |
0.43 | 3.66 (0.70) |
3.43 (0.87) |
7.92** | 3.57 (0.76) |
3.29 (0.94) |
5.57* |
| Peer drug usea | 1.57 (1.26) |
1.57 (1.26) |
-0.001 | 1.50 (1.13) |
2.00 (1.55) |
11.11*** | 1.82 (1.46) |
2.57 (1.83) |
5.96* |
| Depressiona | 1.62 (0.77) |
1.71 (0.79) |
1.49 | 1.57 (0.79) |
1.72 (0.84) |
0.59 | 1.52 (0.84) |
1.79 (0.80) |
1.25 |
| Problem-solving | 2.28 (1.03) |
2.22 (1.11) |
-0.18 | 2.29 (1.04) |
2.26 (1.11) |
4.00 | 2.54 (1.00) |
2.20 (1.06) |
1.38 |
| Body esteem | 2.91 (1.06) |
3.08 (1.08) |
1.65 | 2.97 (1.00) |
2.98 (1.02) |
0.04 | 2.94 (1.10) |
2.91 (1.07) |
0.55 |
| Refusal | 3.50 (0.77) |
3.58 (0.72) |
1.24 | 3.60 (0.69) |
3.43 (0.76) |
8.49** | 3.52 (0.73) |
3.21 (0.87) |
8.14** |
| 30-Day Useb | |||||||||
| Cigarettes | 0.03 (0.24) |
0.03 (0.27) |
0.1 | 0.03 (0.43) |
0.02 (0.26) |
0.55 | 0.05 0.50) |
0.11 (1.08) |
0.73 |
| Alcohol | 0.15 (0.17) |
0.16 (0.31) |
1.77 | 0.14 (0.18) |
0.23 (0.50) |
1.88 | 0.17 (0.32) |
0.31 (0.61) |
6.11* |
| Marijuana | 0.08 (0.01) |
0.08 (0.02) |
1.37 | 0.09 (0.02) |
0.11 (0.17) |
1.04 | 0.10 (0.13) |
0.20 (0.65) |
6.75** |
| Prescriptions | 0.21 (0.96) |
0.10 (0.47) |
-1.6 | 0.06 (0.60) |
0.12 (1.02) |
786.32**** | 0.06 (0.46) |
0.17 (1.58) |
12.45**** |
| Intentionsa | 1.92 (1.85) |
1.94 (2.10) |
0.06 | 1.87 (1.91) |
2.47 (2.45) |
3.30 | 2.16 (2.27) |
3.04 (2.73) |
8.02** |
| Mothers | |||||||||
| Age in years | 41.07 (6.55) |
39.94 (6.47) |
-2.1* | ||||||
| Single-parent | 39.7% | 53.3% | 10.29*** | ||||||
| Two-parent | 60.3% | 46.7% | |||||||
| Outcomes | |||||||||
| Communication | 3.59 (1.98) |
3.48 (1.92) |
-0.67 | 3.78 (1.82) |
3.69 (1.89) |
0.50 | 3.60 (1.73) |
3.16 (1.82) |
9.26** |
| Family rules | 3.81 (0.58) |
3.78 (0.71) |
-0.07 | 3.93 (0.27) |
3.74 (0.70) |
1.56 | 3.85 (0.53) |
3.80 (0.55) |
5.41* |
| Monitoring | 2.99 (0.91) |
2.93 (1.08) |
-0.52 | 3.09 (1.04) |
2.79 (1.08) |
1.02 | 3.06 (1.08) |
2.46 (1.21) |
21.99**** |
Note. Unless otherwise noted, scores are from 5-item scales where higher scores are better.
a
Scores are 5 five-item scales where lower scores are better.
b
Reported use occasions.
c
Results of generalized estimating equations analyses of time x intervention interactions.
*
p < .05
**
p < .01
***
p < .001
****
p < .0001.