Figure 5.

Pathways involved in the effects of tungstate on the pancreas. Microarrays from diabetic treated animals show that tungstate is acting through many interconnected pathways, which lead to an overall improvement of pancreas function. Some of the genes found are over-expressed (red) or diminished (blue) in diabetic treated animals and are involved in the control of several cellular pathways, either activating (arrows) or repressing (lines with a perpendicular line at the end). The final effects of the activation or inhibition of these pathways are described at the bottom of the figure. Moreover, the phosphorylations are represented as circles with a P inside, and the tungstate effects described for enhancing the phosphorylation of different key proteins are shown with a black star [9,10,25].