Fig. 1.

A schematic representation of face space (Leopold, O’Toole, et al., 2001). Identities are coded relative to an average in the centre. Faces falling on a single “identity trajectory“ are framed in solid black. As one moves along the ID trajectory, distinctiveness decreases, progressing from caricatures through the original, to the (minimally distinctive) average. Passing beyond the average along the same ID trajectory leads to anti-faces that may be similar to real faces (as indicated by the example of the real face in a dashed framed).