Table 3.

Association between maternal interventions and outcomes and planned place of birth among the 12 982 women in the study

Intervention/outcome	Relative risk (95% CI)
	Planned home birth with midwife v. planned hospital birth with midwife	Planned home birth with midwife v. planned hospital birth with physician
Electronic fetal monitoring	0.32 (0.29–0.36)	0.17 (0.16–0.19)
Augmentation of labour	0.59 (0.55–0.69)	0.47 (0.44–0.51)
Narcotic analgesia, intramuscular or intravenous	0.27 (0.22–0.32)‡	0.12 (0.10–0.14)
Epidural analgesia	0.39 (0.33–0.46)‡	0.28 (0.24–0.32)
Assisted vaginal delivery	0.41 (0.33–0.52)	0.22 (0.18–0.27)
Cesarean delivery	0.76 (0.64–0.91)‡	0.65 (0.56–0.76)
Episiotomy*	0.49 (0.38–0.63)‡	0.19 (0.15–0.23)
Third- or fourth-degree perineal tear*	0.43 (0.29–0.63)‡	0.34 (0.24–0.49)
Postpartum hemorrhage	0.62 (0.49–0.77)	0.57 (0.45–0.70)
Infection†	0.39 (0.13–1.14)	0.26 (0.09–0.75)
Pyrexia	0.45 (0.29–0.76)	0.23 (0.14–0.37)

^*Among women having a vaginal delivery.

^†Urinary tract infection, wound infection or puerperal fever.

^‡Adjusted for parity.