Skip to main content
. 2008 Sep 17;28(38):9377–9385. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3072-08a.2008

Figure 7.

Figure 7.

Effects of octopamine are mediated by PKA and are independent of the mushroom body. A, Total nighttime sleep in control (Iso31) and ElavGeneSwitch flies crossed with UAS–BDK33 (PKAr). The control on 7.5 mg/ml octopamine shows a significant decrease in nighttime sleep, whereas flies expressing PKAr under the control of ElavGeneSwitch do not show a decrease in sleep in response to octopamine [mean ± SEM; Control (Iso31), 623 ± 11, n = 24; control plus octopamine, 489 ± 22, n = 24; p ≤ 0.001, two-way ANOVA; ElavGeneSwitch, 665 ± 7, n = 51; ElavGeneSwitch plus octopamine, 667 ± 11, n = 51]. B, Iso31 flies subjected to hydroxyurea treatment to ablate the mushroom body still show sensitivity to the sleep-reducing effects of octopamine. Hydroxyurea-treated flies show a significant decrease in sleep compared with controls; they also show an additional decrease in sleep when placed on 7.5 mg/ml octopamine (mean ± SEM; control, 583 ± 11, n = 24; control plus 7.5 mg/ml octopamine, 491 ± 12, n = 24; p ≤ 0.01, two-way ANOVA; HU, 469 ± 32, n = 24; HU plus 7.5 mg/ml octopamine, 382 ± 30, n = 22; p ≤ 0.01, two-way ANOVA).