Table 2.

Effects of ω-3 on pregnancy and fetal outcome

Szajewska et al. 2006	Prolong gestation Increase of birth weight	Mean 1.57 days (95% CI: 0.35, 2.78) Mean 47 or 54 g
Horvath et al. 2007	Prevent preterm birth (< 34 weeks) in high risk patients	RR 0.39 (95% CI 0.18, 0.84)
Enke et al. 2008	Influence fetal immune response	DHA reduces inflammatory cytokines
Hibbeln, 2002	Deficiency increases risk of post-partum depression (PPD)	Prevalence of PPD is higher in countries with lower consumption of seafood (r=−0.81 P < 0.0001) and lower concentration of DHA in mother's milk (r=−0.84; P < 0.0001).
Weisinger et al. 2001	Deficiency increases blood pressure	Rats fed with a deficient ω-3 diet had a higher blood pressure than controls (P < 0.05)

RR: risk ratio