Figure 1. Representative tracing of heart rate (HR), muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) and arterial blood pressure (BP) obtained from a Finapres during Bier block procedure.

Wrap: the arm was elevated and wrapped with a tight elastic bandage from the wrist to the elbow. The pneumatic cuff on the upper arm was then inflated to 250 mmHg. Infusion: 40 ml saline was infused into the occluded arm via the venous catheter. Circulatory occlusion was then maintained for 20 min before the cuff was deflated.