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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Ethics Behav. 2009 Jul 1;19(4):263–289. doi: 10.1080/10508420903035257

Table 5. Adjusted Means for Field and Level of Experience on Social-Behavioral Responses.

First Year Upper Level
Mean Std Error Mean Std Error Mean
Involving Others in Decision
 Social 2.65 .04 2.67 .06 2.66
 Biological 1.88 .04 1.81 .04 1.85
 Health 2.43 .04 2.38 .08 2.41
  Mean 2.32 2.29
Retaliation
 Social 1.13 .05 1.18 .08 1.16
 Biological 2.29 .05 2.19 .05 2.24
 Health 1.49 .05 1.70 .11 1.60
  Mean 1.64 1.69
Deception
 Social 1.22 .06 1.23 .10 1.23
 Biological 1.79 .06 1.63 .07 1.71
 Health 1.59 .06 1.55 .14 1.57
  Mean 1.53 1.47
Active Involvement
 Social 3.82 .08 3.93 .14 3.88
 Biological 3.45 .08 3.33 .09 3.39
 Health 3.57 .08 3.22 .18 3.40
  Mean 3.61 3.49
Avoidance of Responsibility
 Social 1.42 .06 1.42 .10 1.42
 Biological 1.90 .06 1.76 .07 1.83
 Health 1.77 .06 2.28 .13 2.03
  Mean 1.70 1.82
Selfishness
 Social 1.52 .07 1.50 .12 1.51
 Biological 2.17 .07 2.09 .08 2.13
 Health 1.77 .07 1.96 .15 1.87
  Mean 1.82 1.85
Making Closed-Ended Decisions
 Social 2.64 .06 2.73 .10 2.69
 Biological 3.35 .06 3.35 .06 3.35
 Health 3.21 .06 2.89 .14 3.05
  Mean 3.07 2.99