Appendix A.

G1 Parenting and Behavior and G2 Adolescent Behavior Constructs and Measures Used in the Current Study

Construct/Measure	Agent	Items	α / r	Sample Item
G1 Constructive Parenting in G2 Late Childhood	Multi	4	.78
G1 Monitoring	Multi	2	.57
G1 monitoring, W1	Multi	3	.50
Monitoring, parent interview	I	3	.70	How carefully does the mother monitor the child?
Monitoring, child interview	TC	6	.55	How often do you check in after school?
Time spent with son, parent phone interview	P	1	--	In the past 24 hours, how many hours did you spend with your son?
G1 Monitoring, W3	Multi	5	.61
Monitoring, mother interview	M	5	.60	How often do you discuss plans for the coming day with TC?
Monitoring, child Interview	TC	5	.64	How often do you tell parents when you’ll be back?
Time Spent with Son, parent phone interview	P	2	.11a	How many hours did you spend with the child yesterday?
Time Spent with Son, child phone interview	TC	2	.58	Did parents talk to you about plans for the day?
Monitoring, parent interview	I	3	.60	Child seems well supervised by parents.
G1 Parent Involvement	Multi	2	.51
G1 Parent Involvement, W1	Multi	2	.27
Parent Involvement, child self-report	TC	2	.43
Parent Involvement, child interview	TC	2	.31	About how many hours a week do you spend with your mom doing something special that you enjoy?
Family Activities Checklist	TC	2	.80
Sum of Activities, with mother (father)	TC	28	.84 (.83)	Please circle whether or not you did the following activities in the past week: Give her/him a hug or kiss?
Parent involvement, parent reports	P	4	.58
Family Activities Checklist	P	2	.56
Sum of Activities, with TC	M (F)	28	.70 (.69)	Go for a walk together
Activities, parent phone interview	P	1	--	Have you or your spouse taken your son to some activity in the past 3 days?
Activities, parent interview	P	2	.23	How many days a week do you sit and talk with your son?
Parent Involvement, parent interview	I	2	.67	Parent seemed to enjoy parenting.
G1 Parent Involvement, W3	Multi	6	.64
Parent Involvement, parent interviews	P	2	.20
Mother (father) interview	M (F)	4	.61 (.64)	How much time weekly do you spend talking with TC?
Family Activities Checklist	P	2	.31
Sum of activities, with TC	M (F)	28	.72 (.76)
Parent Involvement, home observation	O	2	.56	Mom/Dad explained or discussed (with child) political, moral, religious, or philosophical issue or other global topic?
Parent Involvement, child interview	TC	2	.57
Mother (father) involvement	TC	3	.67 (.75)	In the last year, how often have you done activities such as sports, hobbies, or games with your mother?
Parent Involvement, child phone interview	TC	1	--	In the last 24 hours, were there any activities that you and one of your parents did together?
Family Activities Checklist	TC	2	.73
Sum of Activities, with mother (father)	TC	28	.86 (.85)
G1 Parent-Child relationship	Multi	2	.63
Parent Child Relationship, W1	Multi	4	.51
Parent-Child Relationship, parent interviews	P	2	.53
Mother (father) interview	M (F)	4	.74 (.63)	Has son been pleasant to raise?
Parent-Child Closeness, home observation	O	2	.62
Mother (Father)-Child Closeness	O	2	.66 (.79)	Mother and child shared friendly relations.
Parent-Child Relationship, child interview	TC	2	.66	How well do you get along with your mom?
Parent-Child Relationship, parent interview	I	2	.58	(Mom) seemed generally accepting of son.
G1 Parent-Child Relationship, W3	Multi	3	.72
Mother-Child Relationship	Multi	3	.71
Mother interview	M	6	.76	Has son been pleasant to raise?
Home observation	O	9	.88	Mom was physically affectionate with child.
Mother interview	I	2	.76	Mom was generally accepting of child.
Father-Child Relationship	Multi	3	.71
Father interview	F	6	.76	How well do you get along with your son?
Child interview	TC	1	--	Generally speaking, how well do you get along with father?
Father interview	I	2	.65	Dad seemed to enjoy parenting.
Parent-Child Relationship, child reports	TC	2	.54
Parent and Peer Attachment Questionnaire	TC	12	.78	My parents respect my feelings.
Social Control Questionnaire	TC	7	.86	How do you describe your parents (scale of fair to unfair)?
G1 Confident/Efficacious Discipline	P	2	.65
G1 Poor Discipline (R), W1	P	2	.26
Poor Discipline, mother (father) interview	M (F)	2	.47 (.42)
Poor Implementation	M (F)	4	.56 (.59)	How often do you follow through with threatened punishment?
Low Confidence	M (F)	3	.64 (.55)	Does your son get away with things?
G1 Poor Discipline (R), W2	P	2	.48	Do you generally have problems managing your son?
G1 Poor Discipline, mother (father) interview	M (F)	2	.44 (.47)
Poor Implementation	M (F)	6	.71 (.70)	How often are you angry when you punish your son?
Low Confidence	M (F)	3	.78 (.67)	How satisfied are you with your son’s behavior?
G1 Antisocial Behavior in G2 Late Childhood	Multi	2	.56
G1 Mother (father) Antisocial Behavior	Multi	3	.55 (.57)
Self-Report	M (F)	2	.16 (.14a)
MMPI, items, W2	M (F)	15	.62 (.69)	At times it has been impossible for me to keep from stealing or shoplifting.
Life Events Survey, W3	M (F)	3	.87 (.94)	Number of times (you were) arrested in the last year.
Official Records, W1	Records	2	.26 (.43)
Total motor vehicle license suspensions to date	Records	*	--	0 to 3+ license suspensions
Total arrests to date	Records	*	--	Total arrest count
Staff Ratings of Mother(Father) Behavior	Multi	2	.36 (.31)
Ratings, W1	Multi	3	.36 (.40)
Family Interaction Task	C	1	--	Mother encouraged antisocial behavior.
Home observation	O	6	.73 (.84)	Percent of time father spent misbehaving.
Parent interview	I	1	--	Mother’s general social attitude.
Ratings, W3	Multi	3	.22 (.26)
Family Interaction Task	C	1	--	Mother encouraged antisocial behavior.
Home observation	O	4	.74 (.71)	Father clearly indicated anger/irritability.
Parent interview	I	1	--	Mother’s general social attitude
G2 Positive Adjustment in Adolescence	Multi	3	.84
G2 Positive Adjustment, W5	Multi	3	.72
G2 Academic Skills	Multi	3	.86
Child Behavior Checklist	P	2	.65
Mother (father) report	M (F)	4	.85 (.87)	TC’s reading or English performance
Teacher Report Form	T	4	.94	TC’s spelling performance
Standardized school testing	Records	4	.91	Reading percentile
G2 Positive Peer Relations	Multi	3	.61
Parent report	P	3	.79
Child Behavior Checklist	M, F	6	.79	Number of times a week child does things with friends.
Peers Questionnaire	M, F	4	.78	How many friends has your son made in the past year?
Peers and Social Skills Questionnaire	P	2	.56
Mother (father) report	M (F)	6	.86 (.86)	Other kids seek to involve your child in activities.
Peer Task	C	1	--	TC relates well to other children.
Teacher report	T	2	.56
Teacher Report Form	T	3	.85	TC doesn’t get along with other pupils.
Peers and Social Skills Questionnaire	T	6	.93	TC plays, talks with peers for a long time.
G2 Self-esteem (Perceived Competence Scale)	TC	3	.67
Three subscales (e.g., Scholastic Competence)	TC	6	.77-.82	Some kids often forget what they learn BUT other kids remember things easily. (TC answers either pole is “sort of” or “really true of me”)
G2 Positive Adjustment, W7	Multi	3	.60
G2 Academic Skills	Multi	4	.84
Child Behavior Checklist	P	2	.74
Mother (father) report	M (F)	4	.85 (.92)	TC’s spelling performance
Teacher Report Form	T	4	.92	TC’s language arts performance
Standardized school testing	Records	4	.94	Language percentile
Grade-point average	Records	1	--	Total year grade-point average
G2 Peer Relations	Multi	4	.59
Parent reports	P	3	.84
Child Behavior Checklist	M	4	.64	How many close friends does child have?
Peers Questionnaire	M	4	.63	Son has best friend he sees often.
Peer Involvement and Social Skills Questionnaire	P	2	.38
Mother (father) report	M (F)	6	.89 (.88)	TC makes friends easily with other kids.
Peer Task	C	1	--	TC relates well to other children.
Child reports	TC	4	.52
Peer Attachment Questionnaire	TC	9	.87	My friends are good friends.
Social Control Questionnaire	TC	2	.34
School and Neighborhood Peers Subscales	TC	7	.91-.93	School peers are friendly.
Inventory of Peer Activities	TC	24	.87	With friends in general, how often go to the movies?
Describing Friends Questionnaire	TC	1	--	How many very good friends do you have?
Teacher Report Form	T	3	.87	Child doesn’t get along with other pupils (R).
G2 Self-esteem (Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents)	TC	6	.81
Subscales (e.g., Global Self-Worth)	TC	5	.48 to .82	Some teenagers like the kind of person they are BUT other teenagers often wish they were someone else. (TC answers either pole is “sort of” or “really true of me”)
G2 Positive Adjustment, W9	Multi	2	.34
G2 Academic Skills	Multi	3	.85
Child Behavior Checklist	P	2	.78
Mother (father) report	M (F)	4	.87 (.90)	TC’s spelling performance
Teacher Report Form	T	4	.97	TC’s language arts performance
Grade-point average	Records	1	--	Total year grade-point average
G2 Peer Relations	Multi	4	.66
Peer Questionnaire	P	2	.54
Mother (father) report	M (F)	4	.58 (.56)	How many very good friends does your son have?
Peers and Social Skills Questionnaire	P	2	.55
Mother (father) report	M (F)	6	.88 (.89)	Child interacts with a number of different peers.
Child Behavior Checklist	P	2	.43
Mother (father) report	M (F)	4	.61 (.59)	Doesn’t get along with other children.
Peers and Social Skills Questionnaire	T	5	.88	What proportion of this student’s male peers like and accept him?
G2 Antisocial Behavior in Adolescence	Multi	3	.86
G2 Antisocial Behavior, W5	Multi	2	.72
Antisocial	Multi	3	.67
Child Behavior Checklist	P	2	.72
Overt Antisocial Scale	P	2	.73
Mother (father) report	M (F)	7	.81 (.78)	Child argues a lot.
Covert Antisocial Scale	P	2	.73
Mother (father) report	M (F)	8	.77 (.85)	Child destroys their own things.
Teacher Report	T	3	.92
Overt Antisocial, Teacher Report Form	T	11	.95	Bullies, mean to other kids
Covert Antisocial, Teacher Report Form	T	8	.91	Behaves irresponsibly
Peers and Social Skills Questionnaire	T	1	--	How often does he exert a negative influence on his friends?
Child Interview	Mult	3	.71
Overt Antisocial, child phone interview	TC	8	.87	In the past 24 hrs, did you disobey your parents?
Covert Antisocial, child phone interview	TC	3	.61	In the last 3 days, did you tell a lie?
Child interview	I	1	--	How likely TC will have future police trouble?
Delinquency	Multi	4	.70
Total arrests to date	Records	1	--	Total arrests (coded 0, 1 or 2+)
Elliott Delinquency Scale	P	2	.37
Mother (father) report	M (F)	39	.94 (.90)	How many times in the past year has your son been disorderly in a public place?
Parent Questionnaire	P	2	.22
Mother, father report	M, F	1	--	Has your son ever been picked up by the police for any reason?
Elliott Delinquency Scale	TC	42	.83	How many times in the past year have you taken a car for a ride without permission?
G2 Antisocial Behavior, W7	Multi	2	.73
Antisocial	Multi	3	.74
Parent Reports	P	3	.74
Overt Antisocial, Child Behavior Checklist	P	2	.65
Mother (father) report	M (F)	7	.82 (.74)	Child physically attacks people.
Covert Antisocial, Child Behavior Checklist	P	2	.73
Mother (father) report	M (F)	8	.84 (.87)	Doesn’t feel guilty after misbehaving.
Peer Questionnaire	P	2	.24	.
Mother, Father Report	M, F	1	--	How often conflicts with others at home?
Teacher Reports	T	3	.87
Overt Antisocial, Teacher Report Form	T	11	.93	Disrupts class discipline
Covert Antisocial, Teacher Report Form	T	8	.86	Disobedient at school
Peers and Social Skills Questionnaire	T	1	--	How often does he exert a negative influence on his friends?
Child interview	I	1	--	How likely TC will have future police trouble.
Delinquency	Multi	3	.70
Parent interview	P	2	.70
Mother, father	M, F	1	--	Has TC done something for which he was or should have been arrested? (number of offenses)
Elliott Delinquency Scale	TC	42	.87	How many time in the last year have you been involved in gang fights?
Total arrests to date	Records	1	--	Total arrests (coded 0, 1, or 2+)
G2 Antisocial Behavior, W9	Multi	2	.62
Antisocial	Multi	4	.55
Parent Reports	P	3	.79
Overt Antisocial, Child Behavior Checklist	P	2	.65
Mother (father) report	M (F)	7	.79 (.73)	Child physically attacks people.
Covert Antisocial, Child Behavior Checklist	P	2	.72
Mother (father) report	M (F)	8	.82 (.85)	Doesn’t feel guilty after misbehaving.
Peer Questionnaire	P	2	.42
Mother (father) report	M (F)	1	--	How often conflicts with others at home?
Teacher Reports	T	3	.85
Overt Antisocial, Teacher Report Form	T	11	.88	Disrupts class discipline
Covert Antisocial, Teacher Report Form	T	8	.75	Disobedient at school
Peers and Social Skills Questionnaire	T	1	--	How often does he exert a negative influence on his friends?
Child interview	I	1	--	How likely TC will have future police trouble.
Activity Preferences Questionnaire	TC	1	--	I enjoy being in a physical fight.
Delinquency	Multi	3	.61
Parent interview	M, F	2	.54	Has TC done something for which he was or should have been arrested? (number of offenses)
Elliott Delinquency Scale	TC	42	.87	How many time in the last year have you been involved in gang fights?
Total arrests to date	Records	1	--	Total arrests (coded 0, 1, or 2+)

Note. TC = G2 Target Child, M = mother, F = father, P = parent(s), I = interviewer, Multi = multiple reporting agents, R = reverse scored, α / r = internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha or Kuder-Richardson-20) for scales with >2 items; correlation for scales with 2 items.

^aAll correlations significant (p < .05) with the exception of those marked.