Appendix B.
G2 Parenting and G3 Behavior Constructs and Measures Used in the Current Study
| Construct/Measure | Agent | Items | α / r | Sample Item |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| G2 Constructive Parenting in Early Childhood | Multi | 2 | .56 | |
| G2 Constructive Parenting, T1 | Multi | 2 | .22 | |
| G2 Fathers’ Self-Reported Parenting | F | 3 | .51 | |
| Confident/Efficacious Discipline, Parenting Questionnaire | F | 2 | .51 | |
| Poor Implementation (R) | F | 7 | .63 | How often does your punishment depend on your mood? |
| Low Confidence (R) | F | 5 | .62 | When disciplining, how often does child ignore punishment? |
| Pleasure in Parenting Scale | F | 10 | .83 | How much do you enjoy soothing the child when they are disturbed? |
| Parent Daily Report (% positive responses) | F | 23 | -- | If child played in the last 24 hours, what did you do? |
| G2 Mothers’ Reports, Parenting Questionnaire | M | 2 | .54 | |
| Fathers’ Poor Implementation (R) | M | 7 | .60 | How often is he angry when he punishes TC? |
| Fathers’ Low Confidence (R) | M | 5 | .55 | Does he feel he has troubles managing TC generally? |
| G2 Constructive Parenting, T2 | Multi | 2 | .26 | |
| G2 Fathers’ Self-Reported Parenting | F | 3 | .62 | |
| Confident/Efficacious Discipline, Parenting Questionnaire | F | 2 | .59 | |
| Poor Implementation (R) | F | 7 | .62 | How often do you let your child get away with things that you feel should have been punished? |
| Low Confidence (R) | F | 5 | .72 | How often are you satisfied with your child’s behavior? |
| Pleasure in Parenting Scale | F | 10 | .80 | How much do you enjoy mealtimes with the child? |
| Parent Daily Report (% positive responses) | F | 23 | -- | If your child showed good manners in the last 24 hours, what did you do? |
| G2 Mothers’ Reports, Parenting Questionnaire | M | 2 | .54 | |
| Fathers’ Poor Implementation (R) | M | 7 | .69 | How often does he let TC out of a punishment when he really sets his mind to it? |
| Fathers’ Low Confidence (R) | M | 5 | .68 | How much of the time does he feel confident he can change or correct TC’s misbehavior? |
| G3 Difficult Temperament in Early Childhood | Multi | 2 | .47 | |
| G3 Difficult Temperament, T1 | M, F | 2 | .50 | |
| Toddler Behavior Assessment Questionnaire | M (F) | 2 | .49 (.47) | |
| Activity Level | M (F) | 20 | .70 (.79) | How often did child run through the house? |
| Anger | M (F) | 28 | .90 (.89) | When you did not allow your child to do something for her/himself, how often did your child push you away? |
| G3 Difficult Temperament, T2 | M, F | 2 | .35 | |
| Children’s Behavior Questionnaire | M (F) | 5 | .67 (.62) | |
| Subscales, mother report | M | 13 | .66-.77 | Child can wait before entering into new activities if s/he is asked to (R). |
| Subscales, father report | F | 13 | .70-.75 | Child has temper tantrums when s/he doesn’t get what s/he wants. |
| G2 Constructive Parenting in Middle Childhood | Multi | 2 | .38 | |
| Constructive Parenting, T3 | F | 2 | .58 | |
| Father-Child Positive Relationship | F | 2 | .64 | |
| Child Rearing Practices Report | F | 3 | .69 | |
| Enjoyment of Child | F | 3 | .56 | It is interesting be with TC for long periods. |
| Negative Affect Toward Child (R) | F | 3 | .54 | I often feel angry toward TC. |
| Expression of Affect | F | 6 | .60 | TC and I have warm, interesting times together |
| Monitoring and Parent-Child Relationship Questionnaire | F | 5 | .67 | I get along well with TC. |
| Father’s Confident/Efficacious Discipline, Parenting Questionnaire | F | 2 | .35 | |
| Poor Implementation (R) | F | 7 | .59 | How often get angry when punishing TC? |
| Low Confidence (R) | F | 5 | .63 | How often do you have to discipline TC repeatedly? |
| Constructive Parenting, T4 | Multi | 4 | .57 | |
| Fathers’ Confident/Efficacious Discipline, Parenting Questionnaire | Multi | 2 | .44 | |
| Self-Reported Parenting | F | 2 | .51 | |
| Poor Implementation (R) | F | 7 | .52 | How often do you think that the kind of punishment you give your child depends on your mood? |
| Low Confidence (R) | F | 5 | .70 | How often do you have to discipline TC repeatedly for the same thing? |
| G2 Mothers’ Reports, Parenting Questionnaire | M | 2 | .62 | |
| Fathers’ Poor Implementation (R) | M | 7 | .72 | How often do you think that he finds it hard to be patient with your child? |
| Fathers’ Low Confidence (R) | M | 5 | .77 | How often does he have to discipline TC repeatedly for the same thing? |
| Fathers’ Monitoring | Multi | 2 | .39 | |
| Monitoring, father interview | F | 4 | .77 | How often do you limit or control how much TV or movies s/he watches? |
| Monitoring, father interview | I | 1 | -- | Dad seemed to monitor TC carefully. |
| Fathers’ Involvement | Multi | 2 | .56 | |
| Self-Report | F | 3 | .64 | |
| Family Activities Questionnaire | F | 28 | .79 | In the past week, did you give child a hug or a kiss? |
| Monitoring and Parent-Child Relationship Questionnaire | F | 3 | .84 | |
| Time with Child | F | 1 | -- | On average, how many days a week do you spend with your child? |
| Discussions with Child | F | 4 | .91 | How many days/week when you are taking care of your child do you talk to your child about what is happening with his/her friends? |
| Visitation Status | F | 1 | -- | How often do you see your child? (‘Live with him/her full time’ to ‘Never’) |
| Involvement, father interview | F | 4 | .59 | About how many hours on an average weekday do you talk with TC? |
| Involvement, father interview | I | 1 | -- | Dad seemed very involved in parenting? |
| Father-Child Positive Relationship | Multi | 2 | .23 | |
| Child Relationship with Parents Questionnaire | TC | 5 | .75 | Do you get along well with your dad? |
| Monitoring and Parent-Child Relationship Questionnaire | F | 5 | .76 | I enjoy spending time with my child. |
| G3 Externalizing Problems in Middle Childhood | Multi | 2 | .26 | |
| Mother (Father) Report, Child Behavior Checklist | M (F) | 2 | .72 (.58) | |
| Externalizing Scale, T3 | M (F) | 2 | .60 (.61) | |
| Delinquency | M (F) | 13 | .76 (.65) | Swearing or obscene language |
| Aggression | M (F) | 20 | .90 (.86) | Destroys their own things |
| Externalizing Scale, T4 | M (F) | 2 | .68 (.66) | |
| Delinquency | M (F) | 13 | .66 (.57) | Steals at home |
| Aggression | M (F) | 20 | .89 (.88) | Physically attacks people |
Note. TC = G3 Target Child, M = mother, F = father (G2 Target), I = interviewer, Multi = multiple reporting agents, R = reverse scored, α / r = internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha or Kuder-Richardson-20) for scales with >2 items; correlation for scales with 2 items. All correlations significant.